Language learning strategies, “the techniques or devices which a learner may use to acquire knowledge” (Rubin, 1975, p. 43) or more pertinently “complex, dynamic thoughts and actions, selected and used by learners with some degree of consciousness in specific contexts” (Oxford, 2017, p. 48), have been widely researched and discussed for more than forty years since the mid-1970s. Shifting the fo...

Teacher agency has a powerful influence on teachers’ classroom practices, student learning outcomes, and other professional undertakings. Although teacher shaping is core subject of development (PD), most in-service PD initiatives focus developing teaching knowledge skills while enhancing agency. The current study investigates the Cambridge English (CET) EFL in an Language Institute at Saudi Ar...