Abstract How should independent central banks react if pressured by fiscal policymakers? We contrast the implications of two monetary frameworks: one, where bank follows a standard rule aiming exclusively at price stability against other, policy additionally leans influence. The latter improves economic outcomes providing appropriate incentives to authority. More importantly, additional conditi...

Universal Credit (UC) entails an unprecedented expansion of welfare conditionality to those in work. Working-age adults (16–66) the United Kingdom who are working part-time and on a low income will be subject work related requirements until they earn equivalent 35 hours per week at national living wage. It is estimated that workers aged 50 66 account for nearly quarter claimants in-work conditi...

Abstract We investigate the growth effects of financial globalization, giving particular consideration to potential conditionality of these growth effects on the level of a country’s institutional and financial market development. To capture such conditionality, we extend recently developed heterogeneous dynamic panel data models to account for bivariate long-run conditional parameter homogenei...

As late as October 1997 the IMF declared that the Korean economy was experiencing a temporary liquidity squeeze, not a solvency problem. Yet in December 1997 Deputy Managing Director Stanley Fischer declared that Korea suffered from a systemic “breakdown of economic relations” so complete that only radical economic restructuring could restore prosperity. The IMF attached what it called “extreme...

Abstract In December 2020, the EU institutions finally approved new Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation after a controversial legislative process. The allows Commission and Council to suspend funds in case breaches rule law that have negative effects on budget financial interests. This article analyses against background rise conditionality as tool governance. It argues, contrast some first R...

1. Evaluating variation, or ‘conditionality’, in plant interactions is crucial to understanding their ecological importance and predicting where theymight be at play.Much is known about conditionality for competition, facilitation and herbivory, but not for allelopathy, which likely contributes to the equivocal nature of reports on this topic.Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed) is an invasive...

The concept of conditional experimental frames of reference has a significance for the general theory of statistical inference which has been emphasized by R. A. Fisher, D. R. Cox, J. W. Tukey, and others. This concept is formulated as a principle of conditionality, from which some general consequences are deduced mathematically. These include the likelihood principle, which has not hitherto be...

We analyze the farm-level economic and environmental impacts of post-2020 reform Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) European Union, examining six scenarios constructed around budget allocated to eco-schemes stringency enhanced conditionality. Results suggest that CAP can improve performance but at a cost for farms. Enhanced conditionality appears play greater role than in delivering improvements....

z z A real Marshall Plan would have to work as a ‘structural adjustment programme’, in much the same way as its famous predecessor, namely by achieving reforms through strong conditionality in return for serious money. To be credible the funds would have to be committed, but only released when reforms had been implemented satisfactorily – similar to the deal that worked in the context of EU enl...