In its early development, machine translation adopted rule-based approaches, which can include the use of language syntax. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the inception of the statistical machine translation (SMT) approach, where translation models can be learned automatically from a parallel corpus rather than created manually by humans. Initial SMT models were word-based and phrase-based, ...

Concurrency is one of the most essential properties of the reality as we know it. We can perceive that in every complex system, many activities are taking place simultaneously. Better control over the concurrency structure, should therefore automatically reduce the problem of complexity handling. Thus, a structured way to deal with concurrency is needed. According to [1] “CSP was designed to be...

Points out that a twofold infinity characterises the design of classification — the infinity in the diverse purposes of the readers and that in the dimensions of the universe of subjects. Illustrates the risk in basing the design of classification on conjecture and suggests basing it on the results of a sound statistical study. With the aid of the analogy of roots of flames shows an alternative...

English resultative expressions have been a major focus of research on the syntax-semantics interface. We argue in this article that a family of related constructions is required to account for their distribution. We demonstrate that a number of generalizations follow from the semantics of the constructions we posit: the syntactic argument structure of the sentence is predicted by general princ...

An important theme in the study of language during the twentieth century has been the balance between the grammar of words (morphology) and that of phrases and sentences (Syntax). Some writers, such as Morris Swadesh (1939), have seemed to treat this as a merely terminological issue, referring to (much of) morphology simply as “internal syntax.” More recently, some (e.g. Selkirk 1982, Williams ...

This paper presents a cultural semantic analysis of the English syntactic construction ‘know your + noun’ made combining analytical principles and methods ethnosyntax (Wierzbicka, 1988, 2003, 2006a) with those corpus-based discourse (Baker, 2006; Partington et al., 2004). Three main points are in paper: (i) n.’ constitutes an indissoluble lexico-syntactic molecule ...

The expression of music, language and physical motor skills share the need to execute well-learned plans of sequential behavior. We can think of each of these as governed by a set of syntactic principles that instantiate organizational rules. From a computational perspective, it has been frequently observed that a fair amount of apparently rule-driven behavior can be captured by simple statisti...

This tutorial describes numerical methods that are known as Monte Carlo methods. It starts with a basic description of the principles of Monte Carlo methods. It then discusses four individual Monte Carlo methods, describing each individual method and illustrating their use in calculating an integral. These four methods have been implemented in my example program 8.2, and the results from these ...

We present the Isabelle/HOL formalisation of some key equa-tional properties of the untyped λ-calculus with one-sorted variable names. Existing machine formalisations of λ-calculus proofs typically rely on alternative representations and/or proof principles to facilitate mechanization and we briefly account for these works. Our own development remains faithful to the standard textbook presentat...