A scheme is presented for mapping the connectivity of a potential magnetic field arising from an arbitrary distribution of discrete sources. The field lines interconnecting the sources are classified into Nd domains, defining the field’s connectivity. The number of domains is shown to depend on the number of sources and on the numbers of nulls and separators according to a simple relation. A cl...

The sun protection factor (SPF) has widely been used to evaluate the protective value of sunscreens. However, SPF only reflects the effectiveness of the sunscreen to protect against acute sunburn which is mainly due to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. The deleterious effects of UVB are well known and UVB was believed in the past to be the spectrum responsible for the damages arising from ultravio...

On 1996 March 7, the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory spacecraft conducted a multi-instrument campaign to observe polar plumes in the south polar coronal hole. Recent time-domain analyses of EUV Imaging Telescope images from that campaign show filamentary substructure in the plumes, on a length scale of ∼50, which changes on timescales of a few minutes, and coherent quasi-periodic perturbatio...

Recent downward revision of solar heavy-element abundances using threedimensional atmospheric model has introduced serious discrepancies between standard solar models and helioseismic inferences about solar structure. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of determining the heavy-element abundances using helioseismic inversion techniques with the hope of providing an independent estimat...

Introduction In Vitro Models to Study Candida Albicans Biofilms Gu W1, Xu D2 and Sun S*3 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China 2Department of Nephrology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, People’s Republic of China 3Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Provinc...

The solar normal mode splitting coefficients for BBSO data differ between 1986 and 1988; inversions for equatorial rotation are slower at depth and faster near the surface in 1988 than in 1986. The significance of the change is disputed. The data sets overlap for 5 splitting coefficients {aj}>=, for 710 modes. On the assumption that rotation rate varies smoothly with radius, both data sets are ...

We construct updated solar models with different sets of solar abundances, including the most recent determinations by Asplund et al. (2009). The latter work predicts a slightly larger solar metallicity compared to previous measurements by the same authors but significantly lower than the recommended value from a decade ago. The new solar models incorporate an updated equation of state and new ...

We use limb synoptic plots to study long-lived features of the lower solar corona. The most persistent features are the polar sinusoids, which are generated by streamers associated with active regions. We Ðnd that the lifetimes of these structures (up to about 10 solar rotations) are much longer than the lifetimes of individual sunspots (typically less than one solar rotation). The long lifetim...

There exists no signiÐcant correlation between the Homestake neutrino data up to run 133 and the monthly sunspot number, according to a test that is based on certain optimality properties for this type of problem. It is argued that priorly reported highly signiÐcant results for segments of the data are due to a statistical fallacy : the usual methods for evaluating the signiÐcance of common tes...

Exposure to ultraviolet B radiation in sunlight provides the mechanism for more than 90% of the vitamin D production in most individuals. Concern has been expressed in recent years that the widespread use of sunscreens, particularly those with high sun protection factors, may lead to a significant decrease in solar-induced previtamin D(3) in the skin, resulting in a vitamin D level which is con...