Pigeons were exposed to a repeated acquisition procedure in which no delays were imposed and rate of responding was relatively high. They also were exposed to conditions in which delays were arranged between trials within chains or between completed chains, and rates of responding were lower. Number of trials, rate of reinforcement, difficulty of the discrimination, and motivating operations we...

Three experiments investigated the loci of contextual effects in judgment. Experiment 1 demonstrated the effect of stimulus spacing on category ratings and magnitude estimations of the darkness of dot patterns. Variations in the stimulus spacing were shown to affect both category ratings and magnitude estimations in a similar fashion. Experiment 2 was designed to determine whether contextual ef...

Four-year-olds' sensitivity to differences among faces in the spacing of features was tested under 4 task conditions: judging distinctiveness when the external contour was visible and when it was occluded, simultaneous match-to-sample, and recognizing the face of a friend. In each task, the foil differed only in the spacing of features, and spacing alterations were within normal limits. Childre...

The limit distribution of energy level spacing is studied for the system of two harmonic oscillators with generic ratio of frequencies. It is proved that for any fixed generic ratio e no limit distribution exists, but for random e with any absolutely continuous distribution p(e)de on [0, 1] a universal random limit distribution of the energy level spacing exists. Some properties of the random l...

0006-3207/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.008 ⇑ Corresponding author. Present address: School of University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St., Box 355 Tel.: +1 206 526 4694; fax: +1 206 526 6723. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (E.A. Moffitt), w White), [email protected] (L.W. Botsford). Marine protected areas (MPAs) implemented to conserve biodiversity...

A lattice-Boltzmann method has recently been developed to incorporate solid-fluid boundary conditions on length scales less than the grid spacing. By introducing a real numbered parameter, specified at each node and representing the fluid volume associated with that node, we were able to accurately simulate arbitrary geometries without the need to specify surface normals. In this paper a detail...

We construct an improved version of nonrelativistic QCD for use in lattice simulations of heavy quark physics, with the goal of reducing systematic errors from all sources to below 10%. We develop power counting rules to assess the importance of the various operators in the action and compute all leading order corrections required by relativity and finite lattice spacing. We discuss radiative c...

In many practical applications, accuracy of a prediction is as important as understandability of the process that leads to it. Explanatory learning emerges as an important capability of systems designed for close interaction with human users. Many generic white-box predictive model types are readily available and potentially appropriate for the task (decision trees, association rules, sub-spaci...

To assess, from flight crew perspectives, the benefits and limits of a new spacing instruction, a pilot-in-the-loop experiment was conducted. Beyond assessing interface usability and overall feasibility, the experiment aimed at analysing the impact of various tolerance margins on flight crew activity. Flight crew feedback was generally positive. Despite a new task in the cockpit, which requires...