Logical consistency and objectivity are cornerstones of science that distinguish it from cult and dogma. Scientists’ concern with objectivity has led to the dominance of associative statistics, which define the basic concept of independence on observations. The same concern with avoiding subjective beliefs has led many scientific journals to favor frequentist over Bayesian statistics. Our analy...

This essay surveys four articles of the section dedicated to the boundaries of fiction in literature, scientific discourse, and other areas of human creativity. The section is supposed to contribute to the study of a broad range of the problems of literary theory, such as the interaction between literature and other social practices, resulting in the creation of a particular discourse of ‘reali...

Early environmental policy depended on science, with mixed results. Newer approaches continue to rely on science to identify problems and solve them, but use other mechanisms to set standards and legal obligations. Given the important role that science continues to play, however, several cautionary tales are in order concerning "scientific management," "good science," the lure of money, and the...

socio-political metatheories based on ontological and epistemological foundations, could be devided to different objectivist and subjectivist fronts. according to such a devide, different interpretation of individual-society and agent-structure could be renderd. in contrast,critical metatheories that seek to transcend the contradiction between objectivity-subjectivity in the individual-society ...

To say this with scientific rigor requires both deep understanding of human biology and intimate knowledge of external environments. Ayurveda is based on the Pancha Mahabhuta Siddhanta, the understanding of objects of sense perception in terms of five qualities of objectivity, each one arising from a particular sense. This approach is inclusive of anything with a form occupying space. The persp...

A review of editorial policies of leading journals and of research relevant to scientific journals revealed conflicts between 'science' and 'scientists.' Owing to these conflicts, papers are often weak on objectivity and replicability. Furthermore, papers often fall short on importance, competence, intelligibility, or efficiency. Suggestions were made for editorial policies such as: (1) structu...

Many undergraduate and graduate students understand neither the process of scientific writing nor the significance of peer review. In response, some instructors have created writing assignments that teach or mimic parts of the scientific publishing process. However, none fully reproduced peer review and revision of papers together with the writing and publishing process from research to final, ...