OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A or VEGF) is a major pathogenic factor and therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Since VEGF has been proposed as a survival factor for retinal neurons, defining the cellular origin of pathogenic VEGF is necessary for the effectiveness and safety of long-term anti-VEGF therapies for DR. To determine the significance of Müller cell-d...

Apatinib, a novel and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2, has been demonstrated recently to exhibit anticancer efficacy by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway. Given the importance of VEGF in retinal vascular leakage, the present study was designed to investigate whether apatinib-loaded polymeric nanoparticles inhibit VEGF-mediated retinal vascular hyp...

BACKGROUND Retinal vascular disease is a rare complication of ulcerative colitis. CASE We report a patient who developed unilateral nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) (papillophlebitis) without any other retinal vascular disease during remission of ulcerative colitis. OBSERVATIONS The best-corrected visual acuities were 1.5 OD and 0.7 OS. Dilated and tortuous retinal veins an...

Dear Editor, Postpartum hemolytic uremic syndrome (PHUS), first described in 1968, is defined as a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) typically following a normal delivery after a symptom-free interval (mean 26.6±35 days). It usually occurs in primigravida with the mean age of 27.0±6 years and preeclampsia is historically associated with the disease. The involvement of extrarenal vascular beds in...

BACKGROUND A 33 year-old pancreatic transplant recipient developed weakness, retinal blindness, and necrotic plaques on her face, scalp, and hands. METHODS A muscle biopsy was analyzed by light and electron microscopy and high-throughput nucleic acid sequencing. RESULTS The biopsy revealed microthrombosis and viral particles in swollen endothelial cell nuclei. High-throughput sequencing of ...

Congenital vascular anomalies of the retina are rare, but they should be evaluated with a multidisciplinary approach because can associated systemic diseases and cause severe vision loss. This article aimed to review literature about retinal tortuosity, macrovessel, congenital folds, combined hamartoma.

Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a severe ocular syndrome consisting of a moderate-to-severe anterior uveitis, vasculitis, and vaso-occlusive retinal necrosis. It can occur in healthy individuals at any age, but reports of this condition in children are rare.

BACKGROUND Raised levels of total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) are associated with an increased risk of retinal vascular occlusive disease. A thermolabile form of a pivotal enzyme in homocysteine metabolism, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), has been associated with vascular occlusive disease and raised tHcy levels. The relation between thermolabile MTHFR genotype, tHcy, and retinal va...

BACKGROUND Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is characterized by the triad of acute vitritis, peripheral necrotizing retinitis and vasculitis. CASE REPORT We report a case of 54-year-old woman with bilateral acute retinal necrosis associated with neuroinfection. Her past medical history included renal transplantation, hypertension and aortic stenosis. Observational case report: Diagnostic investig...