An emergence of intelligent behavior within a simple robotic agent is studied in this paper. Two control mechanisms for an agent are considered — new direction of reinforcement learning called relational reinforcement learning, and a radial basis function neural network trained by evolutionary algorithm. Relational reinforcement learning is a new interdisciplinary approach combining logical pro...

farct dementia accompanying the increase in aging populations has become a social problem, the development of effective drugs for treating these conditions is vital. Among the traditional Chinese natural medicines, Polygala root (Japanese name: onji)—the root of Polygala tenuifolia WILLDENOW (family Polygalaceae)—may improve memory, since some Chinese prescriptions containing Polygala root have...

Evaluation of behavior and cognition in rodent models underpins mechanistic and interventional studies of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, especially dementia. Commonly used tests include Morris water maze, Barnes maze, object recognition, fear conditioning, radial arm water maze, and Y maze. Each of these tests reflects some aspects of human memory including episodic memory, recogni...

Anecdotal observations of the behavior of rats with a vitamin K-deficiency suggested that this deficiency was associated with hypoactivity, general malaise, and a lack of exploratory behavior. These observations were pursued by assessing locomotor activity in a circular photocell-monitored track, open-field activity, and radial-arm maze performance in rats rendered vitamin K-deficient by dietar...

The behavior of rats white solving a 12-arm radial maze was investigated using measures of response bias, choice latencies, and behavioral organization. Response bias decreased as a function of choice number, while the amount of time spent on the center platform between choices increased substantially during the last few choices. This increase in time between choices was largely accounted for b...