1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Genotyping methods 3.1. Genetic markers 3.1.1. Insertion sequences 3.1.2. Short repetitive DNA sequences 3.2. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis 3.2.1. IS6110 RFLP analysis 3.2.2. PGRS RFLP analysis 3.3. PCR-based typing 3.3.1. Mixed-linker PCR 3.3.2. Spoligotyping 3.3.3. VNTR and MIRU-VNTR typing 3.4. Comparison of genotyping methods 4. Molecular e...

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the common causes disease in children like pneumonia, otitis and meningitis. Pneumococci colonize asymptomatically nasopharynx could cause severe life-threatening illnesses. Since 2010, 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-10) has been included Bulgaria for routine immunization from 6 weeks to 2 years. For period 2011-2019 coverage with it considered ...

Recent data from microarray analysis have shown that integrated prophages are the most frequent sources of genomic variation between different strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). This led us to hypothesize that PCR detection of the integrated prophages might be an efficient typing tool that could be used as an alternative to PFGE. In this study, we optimized fou...

Rotavirus is the leading causative agent of severe diarrhea among children.1 The rotavirus genome consists of 11 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments enclosed in a double-shelled capsid. The outer shell is composed of a major glycoprotein (vp7), which defines the rotavirus serotype specificity. Nucleotide sequence analysis of vp7 cDNAs from different isolates indicates the presence of variable ...

The PLEX-ID/Flu assay has been recently developed to enable the detection and typing of influenza viruses based on the RT-PCR/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry technology.This novel assay was evaluated for typing performance on 201 positive influenza A or B nasopharyngeal swab specimens (NPS) detected by real-time RT-PCR during the 2010-2011 season. The PLEX-ID/Flu assay detected and ch...

In order to study the epidemiology of Salmonella Enteritidis outbreaks and determine the source of contamination so that a recurrence can be avoided, detailed characterization is necessary. Thus, the purpose of this study was to verify whether rep-PCR was able to discriminate among Salmonella Enteritidis isolates. Phage typing, detection of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance testing w...

Listeria monocytogenes strains possess short repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) elements and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences. We used repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) to evaluate the potential of REP and ERIC elements for typing L. monocytogenes strains isolated from humans, animals, and foods. On the basis of rep-PCR fingerprints, L. monocyt...

OBJECTIVE L and E6/E7 gene amplification analyses were compared to identify human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and verify the HPV type, with the intent to minimize HPV typing errors. METHODS L1 gene verified HPV typing was accomplished via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and membrane assays. Verification of HPV typing via E6/E7 genes was accomplished through nested multiplexed PCR. The resu...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To investigate coagulase gene polymorphism of MRSA and MSSA isolates from Shiraz teaching hospitals from 2011 to 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 302 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were collected from clinical specimens in three major teaching hospitals and confirmed on the basis of morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. The isolates were subje...

A collection of 57 isolates of Vibrio nigripulchritudo from either diseased or healthy shrimp and from shrimp farms environment was studied in order to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen, notably isolated from two distinct shrimp disease complexes. Molecular typing using two different techniques, arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST...