[1] TheMErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft at Mercury and the Cassini spacecraft at Saturn provide us with orbiters around planets at more diverse heliocentric distances than ever before. The dramatically different solar wind conditions at these two planets should mean that Mercury’s bow shock is considerably weaker (lower Mach numbers) than Satu...

The general dilemma faced in a conventional linear proportional–integral (PI) controller is to achieve the best transient performance (i.e. fast rise time and low overshoot level) at the same time. However, fast response is usually accompanied by high overshoot level. On the other hand, very stable control without overshoot is usually achieved at the expense of a more sluggish response to set p...

Intrinsic signal optical imaging with red illumination (ISOI) is used extensively to provide high spatial resolution maps of stimulus-evoked hemodynamic-related signals as an indirect means to map evoked neuronal activity. This evoked signal is generally described as beginning with an undershoot or "dip" in signal that is faster, more transient, and weaker compared with the subsequent signal ov...

A vibrating probe was used to study a steady electric current generated by isolated, whole lumbrical muscles of the rat. Spatial mapping showed that current leaves the muscle in the synaptic region and re-enters in the flanking extrajunctional regions. The point of maximum outward current coincided precisely with the endplate region. As the probe was moved radially away from the endplate region...

This paper presents a novel, simple and accurate delay estimation model for single interconnect and tree interconnects, which is based on new matrix Pade-type approximant (MPTA). The proposed model provides a simpler rational function approximation for estimating delay and overshoot in lossy VLSI interconnects. Computational complexity is reduced by considering rational function denominator as ...

Using CHO cells stably transfected with rat mu-opioid receptor cDNA, we show that the mu-agonists morphine and [D-Ala2,N-methyl-Phe4,Gly-ol5]enkephalin are negatively coupled to adenylylcyclase and inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation. Chronic exposure of cells to morphine leads to the rapid development of tolerance. Withdrawal of morphine or [D-Ala2,N-methyl-Phe4,Gly-ol5]enkephalin f...

Triacylglycerol synthesis in rat epididymal fat overshoots sedentary levels at 10, 29, and 53 h of physical inactivity after 21 days of wheel running. The purposes of the present study were to determine 1) whether this effect is also observed after an acute bout of physical activity and 2) what enzymatic changes might contribute to this effect. We show that more than one bout of physical activi...