The infra-temporal fossa (ITF) contains major vessels and cranial nerves. It is divided into two regions: the retro-styloid region, which includes cranial nerves IX and XII, the jugular foramen, and the internal carotid artery; and the pre-styloid region, which includes the trigeminal and facial nerves [1]. The penetration of trans-orbital injuries is rarely observed in emergency departments, a...

neurolymphomatosis is a rare manifestation of non-hodgkin lymphoma characterized by infiltration of peripheral nerves, nerve roots, plexus and cranial nerves by malignant lymphocytes. this report presents positron emission tomography/computed tomography (pet/ct)imaging with 2-deoxy-2-18f-fluoro-d-glucose (18f-fdg) in 3 cases of non-hodgkin lymphoma with nerve infiltration, including one newly d...

PURPOSE The authors have shown previously that a recombinant HSV-1 that constitutively expresses two copies of murine IL-2 (HSV-IL-2) induces demyelination by activated CD8(+) T cells in the brain and spinal cord of ocularly infected female BALB/c mice. The present study was conducted to determine whether the ocular infection with this recombinant virus induces optic neuritis independent of vir...

The lacrimal functional unit (LFU) is defined by the 2007 International Dry Eye WorkShop as 'an integrated system comprising the lacrimal glands, ocular surface (cornea, conjunctiva and meibomian glands) and lids, and the sensory and motor nerves that connect them'. The LFU maintains a healthy ocular surface primarily through a properly functioning tear film that provides protection, lubricatio...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to test the association between tear film fluorescence changes during tear break-up (TBU) or thinning and the concurrent ocular sensory response. METHODS Sixteen subjects kept one eye open as long as possible (MBI), indicated their discomfort level continuously, and rated ocular sensations of irritation, stinging, burning, pricking, and cooling using visu...

Mutilation in the facial region may significantly affect the self-image and personality of individuals. Prosthetic rehabilitation of facial defects could increase the quality of life, thereby encouraging the patients to build up their self-confidence to return to normal social life. Acceptable cosmetic results are often obtained through facial prosthesis. Recovery after the loss of an eye requi...

The ocular motor system consists of three nerves which innervate six muscles to control eye movements. In humans, defective development of this system leads to eye movement disorders, such as Duane Retraction Syndrome, which can result from mutations in the α2-chimaerin signaling molecule. We have used the zebrafish to model the role of α2-chimaerin during development of the ocular motor system...

BACKGROUND Secondary inflammatory orbital involvement due to acute or chronic sinusitis is common. The pneumatized system of the paranasal sinuses is abut to the bones of the orbit in up to 80 percent, therefore the association is a seductive theory due to their anatomic closeness. Typically, sinusitis can influence ocular motility by affecting single muscles or a combination of muscles/cranial...