For decades, regulators have grappled with different approaches to address the issue of control impurities. Safety-based limits, such as permissible daily exposure (PDE), acceptable intake (AI), threshold toxicological concern (TTC) and less than lifetime limits (LTL) all been used. many years these safety-based recognized virtually safe doses (VSDs). Recently, however, regulatory agencies are ...

Cholangiocarcinoma is a common hepatobiliary carcinoma in Thailand. It is believed that both chronic exposure to liver fluke infestation and nitrosamine exposure are the two main underlying factors leading to the carcinogenesis. Here, the author further extrapolates and proposes a new hypothesis based on the environmental ecological data that the stimulation of fresh water fish by contaminated ...

Nitrosatability of dried Nigerian vegetables and spices was investigated under simulated gastric conditions. N-Nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA) was the only volatile nitrosamine found above the preformed level except in ugwu where N-nitroso-piperidine (2.3 ppb) was also detected. The lowest NDMA value of 0.4 ppb was found in bitterleaf while onions had the highest level (14.7 ppb) of nitrosation. T...

The cigarette usually carries in its smoke significant doses of carcinogenic tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), which have been implicated as causes of oral, lung, oesophageal, and pancreatic cancer. However, there is substantial variation in nitrosamine content of the smoke of modern cigarettes. This variation is both unacceptable and unnecessary, as TSNAs can be readily removed during the...

Metabolites of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, a potent pulmonary carcinogen, have been quantified in the urine of 11 smokers. They were not detected in nonsmokers' urine. The metabolites, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its glucuronide, were detected in quantities of 0.23-1.0 and 0.57-6.5 micrograms/24 h, respectively. The res...

This review summarizes major findings over the last decade related to nitrosamines in drinking water, with a particular focus on N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), because it is among the most widely detected nitrosamines in drinking waters. The reaction of inorganic dichloramine with amine precursors is likely the dominant mechanism responsible for NDMA formation in drinking waters. Even when occu...