A novel and convenient metal-free nitration and cyclization of 1,6-enynes has been developed. Two C-C bonds and one C-N bond were constructed in one process in this reaction. This transformation is proven to have relatively good functional-group applicability and can be scaled up to gram quantities in satisfactory yields. According to the following experimental facts and related literature repo...

The rates of nitration of benzene by nitric acid in mixed acid to produce mononitrobenzene have been measured in well-emulsified reaction mixtures in the temperature range from 34’ to 54°C. The acid-phase compositions ranged from 1.6 mole % nitric acid and 27 mole % sulfuric acid to 35 mole % nitric acid and zero % sulfuric acid; the organicphase composition ranged from 4 to 95 mole ’ % benzene...

The reactivity of retinol with peroxynitrite, which is a strong oxidant and has been reported to induce several biological damages, was investigated. 13-cis-14-nitroretinol (1), 13-trans-14-nitroretinol (2), 13-apo-beta-carotenone (3), retinal (4), 11,14-epoxyretinol (5), and 11,15-epoxyretinol (6) were identified as reaction products of retinol with peroxynitrite. From these results, it was ob...

The in vitro antiradical activity of Schisandra chinensis lignans was investigated using DPPH, ABTS+, Fenton reaction inhibition and tyrosine-nitration inhibition assays, as were the in vivo antidiabetic activities of selected lignans in an animal model of alloxan-induced diabetes. Different degrees of antiradical activity were found, depending upon the structural parameters of the tested compo...

• The synthesis of Acifluorfen by continuous flow nitration was performed within droplet-based microreactor. effects operating parameters were characterized hydrodynamics and thermodynamics. apparent intrinsic kinetic model established. Aromatic still faces unmet technical challenges in relation to being heterogeneous highly exothermic. In this work, a aromatic developed with mixed acid microre...

Nitric oxide (NO) and related molecules (reactive nitrogen species) regulate diverse physiological processes mainly through posttranslational modifications such as protein tyrosine nitration (PTN). PTN is a covalent and specific modification of tyrosine (Tyr) residues resulting in altered protein structure and function. In the last decade, great efforts have been made to reveal candidate protei...

The allergenic potential of airborne proteins may be enhanced via post-translational modification induced by air pollutants like ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The molecular mechanisms and kinetics of the chemical modifications that enhance the allergenicity of proteins, however, are still not fully understood. Here, protein tyrosine nitration and oligomerization upon simultaneous expos...

In this thesis, density functional theory (DFT) is used to investigate the mechanisms and reactivities of electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions (SEAr and SNAr respectively). For SEAr, the σ-complex intermediate is preceded by one (halogenation) or two (nitration) π-complex intermediates. Whereas the rate-determining transition state (TS) for nitration resembles the seco...

Tyrosine nitration is a covalent post-translational protein modification associated with various diseases related to oxidative/nitrative stress. A role for nitration of tyrosine in protein inactivation has been proposed; however, few studies have established a direct link between this modification and loss of protein function. In the present study, we determined the effect of nitration of Tyr34...

Nitration of toluene has been studied in the liquid phase over a series of modified zirconia catalysts. Zirconia, zirconiaceria (Zr0.98Ce0.02)O2, sulfated zirconia and sulfated zirconiaceria were synthesised by co precipitation method and were characterised by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, Infra red spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microsc...