The current status of ligand gated ion channel P2X and G protein-coupled P2Y receptor subtypes is described. This is followed by a summary of what is known of the distribution and roles of these receptor subtypes. Potential therapeutic targets of purinoceptors are considered, including those involved in cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, urinogenital, gastrointestinal, musculo-skeletal and s...

1. Schulman MR, Chun JK. The conjoined sternalispectoralis muscle flap in immediate tissue expander reconstruction after mastectomy. Ann Plast Surg 2005;55:672-5. 2. Barlow RN. The sternalis muscle in American whites and Negroes. Anat Rec 1934;61:416-26. 3. Alani HA, Balalaa N. Complete tissue expander coverage by musculo-fascial flaps in immediate breast mound reconstruction after mastectomy. ...

Virtual rehabilitation represents the provision of therapeutic interventions locally or at a distance, using Virtual Reality hardware and simulations. Such therapy has been applied to various patient populations, including musculo-skeletal, post-stroke, and cognitivelyimpaired. This paper reviews the benefits brought by VR-enhanced and VR-based rehabilitation to the above patient groups. Also d...

There is a growing body of evidence to strongly support the use of labile surfaces in training and rehabilitating the neuro-musculo-skeletal system1. Most of this evidence supports the notion that labile surface exercises stimulate the activation of muscular contraction strategies originating from segmental and multi-segmental spinal reflexes and reactions. Local stabilization muscles primarily...

Closed rupture of the FDP tendon is rare. However, whenever they occur the most common site of rupture is the tendon-bone insertion, less frequent site is at the musculo-tendinous junction. Midsubstance ruptures are even more unique and are usually due to underlying pathology such as fracture, cystic degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, or sequel following local steroid injection. This report de...

Virtual rehabilitation represents the provision of therapeutic interventions locally or at a distance, using Virtual Reality hardware and simulations. Such therapy has been applied to various patient populations, including musculo-skeletal, post-stroke, and cognitivelyimpaired. This article reviews the benefits brought by VR-enhanced and VR-based rehabilitation to the above patient groups. Also...

The 28th Annual Meeting of the European Musculo-Skeletal Oncology Society was organised in Athens by the local host Professor Papagelopoulos and his team. The main objective of the meeting was to focus on recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of bone and soft tissue sarcomas. The interdisciplinary nature of the meeting was of great value-surgeons, oncologists, pathologists, radiologist...

P atients with connective tissue disease (CTD) may encompass a variety of respiratory manifestations, including: pleural disease; pulmonary hypertension; bronchial or bronchiolar disease; interstitial pneumonia; restrictive lung disease secondary to musculo-skeletal changes; and iatrogenic drug-induced lung disease. Patients also have an increased risk of opportunistic infections, often favoure...