The term chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder has been coined recently to highlight that the disturbed mineral and bone metabolism is a major contributor to vascular calcification and finally cardiovascular disease. This syndrome is characterized by clinical, biochemical and/or histological findings, i.e. i) biochemical alterations in the homeostasis of calcium, phosphate and their key ...

Changes in mineral and bone metabolism are prevalent in chronic kidney disease. There are several types of renal bone disease, called 'renal osteodystrophy (ROD)'. ROD includes osteitis fibrosa, osteomalacia, adynamic bone disorder, and mixed osteodystrophy. Osteitis fibrosa is high turnover bone due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Osteomalacia is low turnover bone concomitant of increased os...

The elderly chronic kidney disease (CKD) population is growing. Both aging and CKD can disrupt calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and cause alterations of multiple Ca2+-regulatory mechanisms, including parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, fibroblast growth factor-23/Klotho, calcium-sensing receptor and Ca2+-phosphate product. These alterations can be deleterious to bone mineral metabolism and soft tissue he...

Thyrotoxicosis, a clinical syndrome characterized by manifestations of excess thyroid hormone, is one of the commonly-recognised conditions of the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis causes acceleration of bone remodelling and though it is one of the known risk factors for osteoporosis, the metabolic effects of thyroxine on bone are not well discussed. Studies show that thyroid hormones have effects ...

Boron is a trace mineral which is found in highest amounts in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes. Although it has not been demonstrated unequivocally to be an essential nutrient for humans, increasing evidence indicates that boron deficiency and supplementation exert measurable biological effects. Boron has been shown to impact mineral metabolism, brain function and performance, and selected...

BACKGROUND Difficulties with ambulation in patients with myelomeningocele often lead to physical inactivity, osteoporosis, and subsequent development of pathologic fractures. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in patients with myelomeningocele. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 35 patients between 6 and 19 years of ...

Data are presented that reflect the indicators of mineral, pigment and lipid metabolism in domesticated elks with hoof damage standard treatment, as well combination thymogen. The study was performed on three groups breeding stock 2 months before calving: control - healthy animals (n = 10) two experimental 3 each): group 1 mild to hooves (basic treatment regimen ), 2nd more severe additional in...

Chemical composition of plant and animal bodies. Classification, properties and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, mineral and vitamins. The simple chemistry and metabolism of carbohydrates. The simple chemistry and metabolism of proteins The simple chemistry and metabolism of fats. The simple chemistry and metabolism of minerals and vitamins Practicals: Testing of carbohydrates, Acidi...