Many European countries still provide their citizens with social insurance programs of unprecedented generosity. A cultural critique of the welfare state contends that generous social insurance has detrimental effects on work norms. This paper revisits the model of endogenous work ethic developed by Lindbeck and Nyberg (2006) and explores survey evidence on the relationship between social spend...

In 1949, Aldo Leopold formalized the concept of ‘land ethic’, in what emerged as a foundational and transformational way thinking about natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, stewardship terrestrial systems. Yet, land ethic has inherent linkages to aquatic ecosystems; himself conducted research on rivers lakes, freshwater ecosystems figured widely his writing. We reflect other ...