statement of the problem diagnosis of periodontal diseases without any accurate radiograph is inadequate. bitewing (bw) and periapical (pa) radiographic techniques are commonly used to assess alveolar bone crest (abc) level which is crucial in the evaluation of periodontal disease. purpose the purpose of this study was to compare the precision of bw and pa radiographs in determining the distanc...

background and aims. occlusal rims are used to determine the jaw relationships in the transverse and vertical dimensions and estimate the inter-occlusal distance in edentulous patients. it is important to find ways to determine the height and shape of the occlusal rims correctly. the aim of the present study was to determine the exact distance between the oral cavity floor and the incisal edges...

The minimal folding pathway or trajectory for a biopolymer can be defined as the transformation that minimizes the total distance traveled between a folded and an unfolded structure. This involves generalizing the usual Euclidean distance from points to one-dimensional objects such as a polymer. We apply this distance here to find minimal folding pathways for several candidate protein fragments...

Introduction: The distance between the anterior commissure of the larynx and the first tracheal ring (AC.T. distance) is of great importance in laryngotracheal surgeries.  The amount of narrowing of the subglottic airway is used as a quantitative mean to determine whether the lesion is subglottic or has extended to the trachea and therefore helps in the prediction of the final prognosis.   Mate...

current study was initiated to generate the information on the effect of row-to-row distance of brassica crop, brassica napus l., on aphids population. three line spacing (20, 30 and 40 cm) with a constant nine cm plant to plant distance were evaluated on aphids infestation and its impact on seed yield. the collected and edited data on fixed parameters indicated that an inverse relation was fou...

We study a tropical linear regression problem consisting in finding best approximation of set points by hyperplane. establish strong duality theorem, showing that the value this coincides with maximal radius Hilbert’s ball included polyhedron. also show is polynomial-time equivalent to mean payoff games. illustrate our results solving an inverse from auction theory. In setting, hyperplane repre...

Doppler Effect (DE) is a physical phenomenon observed by Doppler, an Austrian mathematician, in 1842. In recent years, the mathematical formulation of this has been used to improve frequency equation standard Bat Algorithm (BA) developed Yang 2010. paper, we use DE with some idealized rules update observer velocity existing equation. Thus, new physics-based Metaheuristic (MH) optimizer develope...