Abstract. A three-dimensional model based on time and location is introduced to enhance the accuracy of vertical total electron content (VTEC) global ionosphere maps (GIMs) empirical models. The chosen International Reference Ionosphere 2016 (IRI-2016) observations are GIMs VTEC values from Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE). For this purpose, IRI-2016 considered as a background VT...

The HDM-4 aids in estimating the deterioration of pavement as well intricate interactions between environment, vehicles, surface, and structure pavement. It predicts how roads will deteriorate over time due to increased traffic. current study was carried out at Hyderabad, particularly which are subjected heavy adopted for Dhulapally Bahadurpally (DB), Gandimaisamma Bowrampet (GB), Medchal (GM),...

The modern era of seasonal climate forecasts began in the late 1980s with the first successful retrospective predictions of the large 1982–83 El Niño/Southern Oscillation event using a dynamical model (Cane et al., 1986). Today, seasonal predictions are issued routinely at many national and international centers including IRI, based on both dynamical and statistical models (see Goddard et al., ...

The ionospheric total electron content (TEC) in the low-latitude Singapore region (geographic latitude 01.37° N, longitude, 103.67° E, geomagnetic latitude 8.5° S) for 2010 to 2011 was retrieved using the data from global positioning system (GPS)-based measurements. The observed TEC from GPS is compared with those derived from the latest International Reference Ionosphere (IRI)-2012 model with ...

ionospheric slab thickness is defined as the ratio of tec to maximum electron density of the f-region (nmf2), proportional to the square of the f2-layer critical frequency (fof2). it is an important parameter in that it is linearly correlated with scale height of the ionosphere, which is related to electron density profile. it also reflects variation of the neutral temperature. therefore, ionos...