Eumycetoma is a chronic granulomatous subcutaneous infectious disease, endemic in tropical and subtropical regions and most commonly caused by the fungus Madurella mycetomatis. Interestingly, although grain formation is key in mycetoma, its formation process and its susceptibility towards antifungal agents are not well understood. This is because grain formation cannot be induced in vitro; a ma...

the tomato leafminer, tuta absoluta (meyrick), is one of the most important pests of tomato, solanum lycopersicum l., in iran. in this research, natural enemies diversity of t. absoluta and proportion of predators or parasitoids density to moth eggs or larvae density on five tomato cultivars including super strain b, super chief, mobil, korral, and early urbana y were studied in an experimental...

Candida species are common human fungal pathogens causing a wide range of clinical diseases, ranging from superficial infections to life-threatening systemic disease. Superficial infections include vaginal candidiasis which affects over 75% of women during their lifetime with 5% of women suffering debilitating recurrent infections. Life-threatening systemic Candida disease is the fourth most co...

The predatory bug Podisus maculiventris is a multi-eating entomophages, promising for use in measures the biological protection of potatoes from Colorado potato beetle Western Siberia. In order to reduce economic costs transportation and mass production podizus, it advisable improve adapt technology its breeding conditions region. Under laboratory conditions, effectiveness using different speci...

    Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus which is associated with adult T cells leukaemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in a minority of HTLV-I-infected individuals. It is not clear why a minority of HTLV-I-infected individuals develop HAM/TSP and majority remains lifelong carriers. It seems that the interaction between the v...

Nonvertebrate model hosts represent valuable tools for the study of host-pathogen interactions because they facilitate the identification of bacterial virulence factors and allow the discovery of novel components involved in host innate immune responses. In this report, we determined that the greater wax moth caterpillar Galleria mellonella is a convenient nonmammalian model host for study of t...