The spatial occupancy patterns and activity of cattle grazing three riparian pastures was investigated in northeastern Oregon using Global Positioning System (GPS) collars logging at 1-sec intervals. Cattle consistently selected plant communities as grazing areas that had forage in sufficient volume to meet their requirements and favored communities as resting areas that were dry and open. Catt...

abstract background: pabon lasso model was applied to assess the relative performance of hospitals affiliated to kurdistan university of medical sciences (kums) before and after the implementation of health sector evolution plan (hsep) in iran. methods: this cross-sectional study was carried out in 11 public hospitals affiliated to kums in 2015. twelve months before and after the implementation...

Human exposure to mechanical vibration may represent a significant risk factor for exposed workers in the agricultural sector. Also, noise in agriculture is one of the risk factors to be taken into account in the evaluation of workers' health and safety. One of the major sources of discomfort for the workers operating a tractors is the noise to which they are exposed during work. The aim of thi...

Economic debates over minimum wage policy are typically premised on the assumption that raising a binding wage floor must reduce long-run employment if the affected markets are competitive and complete. It is shown here to the contrary that employment effects of raising the minimum are indeterminate if competitive employers incur person-specific labor costs, which vary with the number of employ...

The release of Enovid in 1960, the first birth control pill, afforded U. S. women unprecedented freedom to plan childbearing and their careers. This paper uses plausibly exogenous variation in state consent laws to evaluate the causal impact of the pill on the timing of first births and extent and intensity of women’s labor-force participation. The results suggest that legal access to the pill ...

Data on the life-cycle profiles of inequality in wages, earnings, hours worked and consumption contains precious information for answering questions about the ability of households to insure labor market risk and about the sources of this risk. This paper demonstrates that the choice of whether to control for cohort effects or for time effects has a drastic impact on the estimated age profiles ...

One Man’s Blessing, Another Woman’s Curse? Family Factors and the Gender-Earnings Gap of Doctors * Using data from a new longitudinal survey of doctors from Australia, the authors test whether observed large gender-pay gaps among general practitioners (GPs) are the result of women's larger willingness to interrupt their careers. On average, female GPs earn A$83,000 or 54% less than male GPs. Th...

We evaluate the e¤ects of aging on productivity using data from piece-rates. Our data contains the population of Finnish blue collar metal industry workers from years 1996-2000. A unique feature of the data is that we can observe the exact hours worked on piece-rates and time rates as well as earnings from both performance schemes. Moreover, a subset of workers receive both piece-rates and time...

Estimates of a Labour Supply Function Using Alternative Measures of Hours of Work Depending on data source, estimates of hours of work give widely different results both as to level and change. In this paper three alternative measures of hours worked are used to estimate a simple labour supply function to investigate if estimated wage rate and income effects are data dependent as well. The meas...

In this paper, I present evidence that the premium for a college education is essentially uncorrelated with the business cycle and that the average hours worked by college graduates are less volatile than those worked by nongraduates. Business cycle theory is then shown to be inconsistent with these observations when endogenous utilization and skill acquisition are incorporated. Abstracting fro...