The development of technologies for the study bats allows more in-depth research on this essential group ecosystem, as they act in ecological balance, main dispersers, pollinators and controllers agricultural pests certain regions planet. Patent technology bioacoustics studies order Chiroptera, based data platforms: National Institute Industrial Property (INPI), European Office (EPO), World Int...

According to the economic theory of patents, patents are needed so that pioneer firm have time to recoup their sunk costs of research and development. The key element in the economic theory is that pioneer firms have large, hard to recoup, sunk costs. Yet patents are not awarded on the basis of a firm’s sunk costs. Patent law, in fact, ignores costs. The disconnect between patent law and patent...

The growth of patent thickets—technology fields that are characterized by a large overlap of rights between different right holders—poses a challenge for innovators. Patent thickets are argued to create strong friction in innovation due to a pronounced potential for holdup. So far, we do not know whether patent thickets coincide in all patent systems or if differences exist that policy makers a...