1. Abstract A 2-dimensional lumbar spine is modeled with 64 back muscles and the static behavior of the model is predicted using an optimization technique. The goal of this study was to investigate if a follower load can be produced by the back muscles for enhancing the mechanical stability of the lumbar spine in a quiet standing posture. Recent studies demonstrated that the stability of the lu...

A computerized approach for analyzing the tolerances in disk cam mechanisms with a flatfaced follower is presented in this paper. Based on the simulated higher-pair contact analysis, the kinematic deviation of the follower motion caused by the tolerance amount of each design parameter can be determined numerically. The method is validated by means of analyzing the case of an eccentric circular ...

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in this paper, an observer based fuzzy adaptive controller (fac) is designed fora class of large scale systems with non-canonical non-affine nonlinear subsystems. it isassumed that functions of the subsystems and the interactions among subsystems areunknown. by constructing a new class of state observer for each follower, the proposedconsensus control method solves the problem of unmeasured sta...

in islamic jurisprudence we face phrases such as ‘unforgivable in continuity (survival, sustainability) is not unforgivable in the beginning’ whose context suggest that this is considered by scholars as a known and accepted rule. but, after examining the traces of the phrase in the books of jurisprudence and rules of islamic jurisprudence, there seems to be no consensus as regards the authentic...

For the multi-agent system with time delay and noise, adaptive consensus of tracking control problems is discussed by Lyapunov function. The main purpose this study to design an protocol for system, such that even if there exists among agents, can still ensure stochastic system. contribution revise protocols were previously only applicable without delay. Because inevitably disrupted noise durin...

Group-living animals routinely have to reach a consensus decision and choose between mutually exclusive actions in order to coordinate their activities and benefit from sociality. Theoretical models predict "democratic" rather than "despotic" decisions to be widespread in social vertebrates, because they result in lower "consensus costs"-the costs of an individual foregoing its optimal action t...

An active–passive networked multiagent system framework is introduced and analyzed, which consists of agents subject to exogenous inputs (active agents) and agents without any inputs (passive agents). Specifically, we propose an integral action-based distributed control approach and establish its transient time and steady state performance characteristics using results from graph theory, matrix...

The aim of this study was to design a navigation system composed of a human-controlled leader vehicle and a follower vehicle. The follower vehicle automatically tracks the leader vehicle. With such a system, a human driver can control two vehicles efficiently in agricultural operations. The tracking system was developed for the leader and the follower vehicle, and control of the follower was pe...