rural economy has an important role in rural sustainable development in every region or country. however, the rural economy in iran is too much depending on agriculture and development of other rural economy in particular nonfarm activities, has been neglected by iranian rural communities. therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the role of non-farm business on rural sustainable develo...

Introduction The objective of this chapter is to investigate the relationship between the growth of off-farm employment opportunities and educational attainment in rural China. Since the beginning of the reform era in the late-1970's off-farm employment has surged and education levels have risen dramatically. However, a persistent gap has formed between rural and urban areas, both in terms of i...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to test the extent to which, under different opportunities for market participation, the diversity of plant species rural households grow or collect (on-farm diversity), and the variety of foods mothers purchase (market diversity) are associated with their dietary diversity. METHODS Rural households from three districts in southern Benin were interview...

Agri-environment schemes (AESs) have been implemented across EU member states in an attempt to reconcile agricultural production methods with protection of the environment and maintenance of the countryside. To determine the extent to which such policy objectives are being fulfilled, participating countries are obliged to monitor and evaluate the environmental, agricultural and socio-economic i...

INTRODUCTION Farm health and safety has historically focussed on strategies such as injury prevention, safety audits and fulfilling legislative responsibilities. However, farmer injuries mask deeper health issues including higher rates of cancer, suicides, cardiovascular disease and stress. The relationship between occupational health and safety and farm family health has not been fully investi...

agricultural production is influenced by different political, economic and environmental factors. various factors influence production, affecting the income of farmers and even in some cases increasing their vulnerability. continuation and expansion of economic activity in this sector requires appropriate risk management policies to be promptly and appropriately applied. one of the oldest strat...

The technique of the processor farm has become very widely used for paral lelising applications often being mentioned without reference to any source The goal of this work has been to put together a complete and rigorous un derstanding of what the technique can be used for and what is needed in order to arrive at an e ciently farmed application This paper consists of these two parts We have sho...

MyUniversity is a European project to foster the eParticipation in European higher education institutions and allow their members to influence the final decision making performed by the institutions’ authorities. A framework, composed of the two existing interactive tools Gov2Demoss and Pnyx.eVoting, and a methodology to manage eParticipation initiatives have been created for this purpose. This...

This study reports the impact of high sensitivity to early exchange in 11-grade, CSCL triads solving welland ill-structured problems in Newtonian Kinematics. Analysis of the evolution of participation inequity (PI) in group discussions suggested that participation levels tended to get locked-in relatively early on in the discussion. Similarly, high (low) quality member contributions made earlie...

There is global enthusiasm for payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs to solve environmental problems, including in China. However, PES programs in China go against the principle of ‘voluntary transaction’, which weakens the influences of economic factors on farmers’ participation decisions and makes it hard to reveal their influence on farmers’ participation willingness. Using househol...