Here we report the localization of protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) in the mitochondrial compartments, comparing it with that of thioredoxin reductase. The latter enzyme is present mostly in the matrix, whereas PDI is located at the level of the outer membrane. We characterize the different submitochondrial fractions with specific marker enzymes. PDI, whether isolated from whole mitochondria ...

Plant chloroplasts have versatile thioredoxin systems including two thioredoxin reductases and multiple types of thioredoxins. Plastid-localized NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTRC) contains both reductase (NTRd) and thioredoxin (TRXd) domains in a single polypeptide and forms homodimers. To study the action of NTRC and NTRC domains in vivo, we have complemented the ntrc knockout line o...

Glucose regulatory protein (GRP58) is known to mediate mitomycin C (MMC)-induced DNA cross-linking. However, the mechanism remains elusive. We hypothesized that thioredoxin-like domains, one at NH2 terminus and another at COOH terminus, are required for GRP58-mediated MMC reductive activation leading to DNA cross-linking. Site-directed mutagenesis mutated cysteines in thioredoxin domains to ser...

5'-Adenylylsulfate (APS) reductase (EC 1.8.99.-) catalyzes the reduction of activated sulfate to sulfite in plants. The evidence presented here shows that a domain of the enzyme is a glutathione (GSH)-dependent reductase that functions similarly to the redox cofactor glutaredoxin. The APR1 cDNA encoding APS reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana is able to complement the cysteine auxotrophy of an ...

Thioredoxin which is induced by thioredoxin reductase causes the proliferation of cancerous cells and metastasis due to its effects on cell growth, besides regulatory amount reactive oxygen species. One procedures recently used in cancer treatment inhibition. Different types bioactivities NHC metal-NHC complexes have been studied anti-cancer one these activities. In addition in-vitro anticancer...

Desmin (DES) maintains the overall structure of cardiomyocytes and cytoskeletal organization within striated muscle cells. Mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase 2 (TXNRD-2) is essential for mitochondrial oxygen radical scavenging. We describe a rare case dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in an 18-year-old female with heterozygous mutation involving both DES TXNRD-2 genes.

PPAR , a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and thioredoxin, a critical redox-regulator in cells, were found to form a negative feedback loop, which autoregulates transcriptional activity of PPAR . Thioredoxin was identified as a target gene of PPAR . Activation of PPAR leads to increase of thioredoxin expression as well as its translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus, whereas ectopic o...

Cellular redox balance is maintained by various antioxidative systems. Among those is the thioredoxin system, consisting of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH. In the present study, we examined the effects of caloric restriction (2 mo) on the expression of the cytosolic and mitochondrial thioredoxin system in skeletal muscle and heart of senescent and young rats. Mitochondrial thiore...

We have engineered a pathway for the formation of disulfide bonds. By imposing evolutionary pressure, we isolated mutations that changed thioredoxin, which is a monomeric disulfide reductase, into a [2Fe-2S] bridged dimer capable of catalyzing O2-dependent sulfhydryl oxidation in vitro. Expression of the mutant protein in Escherichia coli with oxidizing cytoplasm and secretion via the Tat pathw...