The so-called unitarian (or unicist) concept of treponematosis emphasizes the evolutionary relationship of yaws, pinta, endemic syphilis, and sporadic syphilis, regarding them all as varieties or syndromes of one disease caused by one parasite, Treponema pallidum (Hudson, 1946). The unitarian view accepts the fact that there is no known test by which the parasites of these treponemal infections...

slam and Christianity are today facing each other in a more hostile way than ever before. Recent events, including terrorist attacks, Western armies on Muslim soil, and the Israel/Palestinian conflict, have created a lot of enmity. Much has been said about these serious confrontations in the press, on TV, and in other media. Most of this is negative and colored by suspicion and mistrust on both...

Almost as far back as written records go we find evidence that mankind has been afflicted by frequent recurrences of horrible epidemics. Periodically occurring without any apparent cause, each one has taken its toll of life and then departed as strangely as it came. They have halted social progress, determined the results of wars, and sometimes even threatened the existence of civilization itse...

The contribution focuses on the ways in which medieval Catholic religion influenced warfare, not terms of causality but conditions possibility. After having looked at (1) way crusades, particular, opened up possibility to transfer attributes from monastic asceticism (the monks were spiritual ‘warriors God’) warriors (fighting as God’), article examines two examples. (2) Theology provided Wester...

Egypts internal turmoil causing political instability, economic decline and social ruin were among the factors behind foreign power entrance into Egypt. Oppression government inefficiency as well in several aspects of life gave a true depiction ongoing society administrative system Nevertheless, external also played role Egypt being colonised by power. This article intends to relook French occu...

This article presents a study of how women (specifically nuns and abbesses) were perceived in medieval Livonia. Given the significant increase accessible academic work on crusading movement eastern Baltic, scholarly considerations visual culture this region, reconsiderations roles played by world general, turns from central regions Medieval Europe to periphery. It begins providing historical ov...

One of the exceptionally interesting examples a living biblical tradition, maintained by Christian, Muslim and Jewish pilgrims for over sixteen hundred years, is history St. Samuel monastery on Mount Joy. The shrine was founded in Byzantine period, but its heyday falls period Crusades. It from here, after murderous journey, that troops First Crusade saw Jerusalem first time. knights were follow...