An improved Differential Evolution (DE) that incorporates wavelet-based mutation and crossover operations is proposed. In the mutation operation, the scaling factor is controlled by a wavelet function. In the crossover operation, the trial population vectors are modified by a wavelet function. The wavelet theory applied is to enhance DE in exploring the solution space more effectively for a bet...

Methods We examined whether a panel of 25 SNPs in 19 genes that might be related to caffeine metabolism or response modified exercise performance, or were associated with any physiologic outcomes during exercise. Subjects were trained male cyclists (n = 33) who underwent a doubleblind placebo-controlled crossover trial to test the effects of caffeine (6 mg/kg) on various performance parameters ...

Respir Rev 2005;6:227–35. 41. Equi A, Balfour-Lynn IM, Bush A, et al. Long term azithromycin in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Lancet 2002;360:978–84. 42. Wolter J, Seeney S, Bell S, et al. Effect of long term treatment with azithromycin on disease parameters in cystic fibrosis: a randomised trial. Thorax 2002;57:212–16. 43. Saiman L, Marshall B...

Objective: This study’s purpose was to verify the PAKU-PAKU KOUBO-KUN (PPKK) containing yeast and mulberry extract concentrate’s effects on suppressing elevated postprandial blood glucose (PBG).Methods: Two randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover studies (TRIAL-1 TRIAL-2) were conducted. Both included healthy Japanese adults with a maximum PBG concentration (Cmax) in range of 140–199 mg/dL. S...

The two-period crossover trial has the evident advantage that, by use of within-patient comparisons, the usual large between-patient variability is not used as a measure to compare treatments. A prerequisite, however, is that the order of the treatments does not substantially influence the outcome of the treatment. Crossover studies with a binary response (such as yes/no or present/absent), alt...