Permit markets lead polluting …rms to purchase abatement goods from an eco-industry, which is often concentrated. This paper studies the consequences of imperfect competition in an ecoindustry on the equilibrium choices of the competitive polluting …rms. It then characterizes the second best pollution cap. By comparing this situation to a competitive one, we show that Cournot competition on the...

Increasing competition is one of the characteristics for the market environment in the last few decades. As competition intensifies, decision making and policy making become more complicated for survival or victory in the market, and managers are noticing that short-term plans and incoherent efforts is not enough to solve complex organizational issues. Nowadays, the organizational space, workin...

12/3/14 1 7. THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCE In Chapter 6, we saw how commerce first organized itself during the Commercial Revolution to meet the challenges of mediating long-distance exchange. In this chapter, we will see how commerce, like production, continued to develop in ways that increased its productivity. What drove this development was the pressure of competition. Both the Crisis of the ...

In many countries, particularly developing countries, economic reforms, especially privatization, are considered as a strategic approach. The growth of the government decreases the competition in the market, and so, some fields should be privatized in order to create the competition.  By moving towards privatization and the changes in competition methods and the presentation of the World Trade,...

This paper proposes a model for dynamic pricing that combines knowledge of production capacity and existing commitments, reasoning about uncertainty and learning of market conditions in an attempt to optimise expected profits. In particular, the market conditions are represented as a set of probabilities over the success rate of product prices, and those prices are learned online as the market ...

introduction: market power is an important factor affecting welfare. existence of market power on the purchase side reduces supplier welfare. however, existence of market power on the sales side reduces supplier welfare. some believe that the agricultural market structure is a monopoly. in fact, most of the agricultural products can be purchased by small firms and then delivered to consumers be...