background immunomodulators and nucleotide analogues have been used globally for the dealing of chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection. however, the development of drug resistance is a major limitation to their long-term effectiveness. objectives the aim of this study was to characterize the hepatitis b virus reverse transcriptase (rt) protein variations among iranian chronic hbv carriers wh...

BACKGROUND Persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is sustained by inadequate immune responses, either natural or acquired. Recent studies have suggested that immune responses to viral infection may be affected by microRNA (miR)-155, via its involvement in immune cell differentiation and maturation. However, little is known on the specific interaction between miR-155 and HBV in host antivi...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Current interferon alfa (IFN) treatment of chronic hepatitis B has limited efficacy. The role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes for response to IFN was investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS HBV genotype was determined by direct sequencing of the HBV X gene in 165 consecutive patients with chronic replicative hepatitis B treated with standard IFN. HBV genotype A or D was fo...

Introduction: The hepatitis B is a viral infection that causes a big problem globally. About 2 billion people worldwide are infected and there are now about 400 million HBV-DNA carriers around the world. HBV infection is the ninth cause of death worldwide and infects about 350 million new cases each year in the world. HBV-DNA can be spotted in different body secretions and fluids, including se...

background clinical observations have shown that patients infected with chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) genotype c versus genotype b had a higher load of the virus, more serious illness, and poorer responses to antiviral therapy and prognosis. however, the disparity between the two has not been clarified. objectives to explore possible relationship between hbv genotypes b and c and peripheral b...

BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has a major pathogenic role for liver damage following chronic hepatitis B. Glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) is necessary in oxidative state mechanism that is generally down-regulated by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. On the other hand, disorders of iron homeostasis have been found out in HBV infected patients. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the...

BACKGROUND Some patients with acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection develop chronic infection. However, the method for identifying these patients has not been established. METHODS We followed 215 Japanese patients with acute HBV infection until the clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or the development of chronic infection. Levels of HBsAg and HBV DNA were serially monitored fr...

BACKGROUND/AIM MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that have been implicated in mechanisms underlying various types of cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Reports have indicated that single nucleotide polymorphisms in miRNA-196A2 and miRNA-146A genes may contribute to the risk of progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection to cirrhosis and HCC. This study aimed to exa...

BACKGROUND Co-infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can alter the course of the disease. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the frequency of HIV and/or HCV co-infection in chronic HBV patients and related risk factors in acquiring the HCV and or HIV co-infectionit. PATIENTS AND METHO...

Hepatitis D, also referred to as hepatitis D virus, or delta virus (HDV) is considered be a subviral satellite because it can propagate only in the presence of B (HBV) (WHO, 2020). There are uncertainties about epidemic patterns HDV infection and its contribution burden liver disease. defective that completes life cycle with (HBV). The HBV super-infection has been one most severe forms chronic ...