Introduction Conclusions References

The use of cold as a treatment is as old as the practice of medicine, dating back to Hippocrates. Today, methods of applying cold are more advanced than they were in 400 BC, but the principles and the need for precautions are the same. When you apply cold, the skin will initially feel cold, often followed by relief of pain from the injury. As icing progresses, you will feel a burning sensation,...

We have studied the sensitivity of s-process nucleosynthesis in massive stars to ±2σ variations in the rates of the triple-α and C(α, γ)O reactions. We simulated the evolution of massive stars from H-burning through Fe-core collapse, followed by a supernova explosion. We found that: the production factors of s-process nuclides between Fe and Zr change strongly with changes in the He burning rea...

Cowhage, capsaicin and histamine, all applied via spicules, were used to induce itch and pain-related sensations in 15 male and 15 female subjects. Sensory qualities were assessed by questionnaire; intensities and time courses of the "itching" and "burning" sensation were measured alternately, but continuously on a VAS. In addition, axon reflexes were assessed. Only histamine and capsaicin prod...

The study aims to assess the differences between chemical profiles of major anthropogenic and natural PM sources in two areas with different levels urbanization traffic density within same urban agglomeration. A site an background Athens Metropolitan Area have been selected for this comparison. For both sites, eight were identified, seven them being common sites (Mineral Dust, non-Exhaust Emiss...

Agricultural burning has been subject to intense debate in Eastern Washington. Rural communities are concerned about health impacts related to smoke exposure from field burning. However, the short-duration excursions of smoke often do not violate air quality standards at locations where air quality monitors are situated. The purpose of this study was to characterize the air quality in Pullman, ...

Coal contains many potentially harmful trace elements. Coal combustion in 22 unvented stoves, which is common in most parts of rural China, can release harmful emissions 23 into the air that when inhaled cause health issues. However, few studies have dealt specifically 24 with the toxicological mechanisms of the particulate matter (PM) released by coal and other 25 solid fuel combustion. In thi...

Incense burning is a popular practice in many family homes and temples. However, little is known about the effects of indoor incense burning and genetic polymorphisms on asthma. This study evaluated the effects of indoor incense burning and glutathione S-transferase (GST) genetic polymorphisms on asthma and wheeze. In 2007, 3,764 seventh-grade schoolchildren (mean±sd age 12.42±0.65 yrs) were ev...

To better characterize the chemical compositions and sources of fine particulate matter (i.e. PM2.5) in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, total carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and inorganic ions as well as stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) were measured in this study. Intensively open biomass burning episodes are identified fr...