A facile synthesis of the side chain of loteprednol etabonate, namely, chloromethyl-17α-[(ethoxycarbonyl))oxy]-11β-hydro of loteprednol etabonate, viz., chloromethyl-17α-[(ethoxycarbonyl))oxy]-11xy-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene-17β-carboxylate--an ocular soft corticosteroid, has been described starting from a 20-oxopregnane, namely, 3β-acetoxy-pregn-5(6),16(17)-diene-20-one (16-dehydropregnenolone ac...

n engl j med 365;7 nejm.org august 18, 2011 672 receptor antibody, although the difference was not significant (P = 0.09). The necessity of the use of T-cell–depleting antibody versus non–T-cell– depleting antibody was therefore still in question when our study was designed in 2004. To our knowledge, our study is the only multicenter trial providing evidence that supports the use of T-cell– dep...

The human adrenal cortex has a complex vasculature that is essential for growth, organ maintenance, and access of secreted hormones to the circulation. Growth and function of the adrenal cortex are regulated by corticotropin (ACTH), the actions of which are in part mediated by locally produced growth factors. As cortical growth and vascularization must increase in a coordinated manner, we hypot...