An Experimental formulation for PFI injector penetration length versus time and pressure using high speed spray imaging results

Experimental investigation on the effect of injection pressure and injector installation angle on the penetration of the gasoline port fuel injector using high speed imaging method

The development of spray is one of the important factors effecting the combustion of PFI engines. This research was carried out in order to investigate some of the spray characteristics from PFI injector. In this study, the injector flux was investigated by a mass method and equations for it were presented. The results showed that in the pressure interval (2 to 6 bar), the relation of flux with...

Experimental study of the diesel injector nozzle sediment effect on fuel spray behavior

High pressure amount of fuel in new generation diesel engines’ injector equipped with multiple and small nozzle holes has created significant improvement in the outgoing spray behavior and engine performance. On the other hand, poor fuel quality and injector nozzle embedded in high temperature combustion chamber form fundamental deposits on the nozzle leading to fuel spray inappropriate behavio...

High Speed Time-Domain Imaging

The chapter focuses on positron emission tomography (PET), a medical imaging technique that combines high speed with high complexity data processing. In PET, optical sensors detect gamma events generated by the annihilation of an electron and a positron, by measuring hundreds of individual photon times-ofarrival. These measurements are carefully analyzed, every 6.4 ls, by ultra-fast networks an...

Introducing of the propagation criterion and investigation of that for near vacuum chamber pressures for multi hole gasoline direct injector spray

with developing of optical technologies, using of different imaging methods to study various properties of gasoline direct injection spray is under development. Scope of this article is  to study the effect of overall spray angle and spray projected area for determination of spray propagation and investigate the effectiveness of this criterion.  The injector was a multi-hole direct injection in...

Using Phase Doppler Anemometry and High Speed Imaging to Analyze MDI Spray Plume Dynamics

Favourable dermal penetration of diclofenac after administration to the skin using a novel spray gel formulation.

AIMS The study was designed to evaluate the relative bioavailability of diclofenac in plasma, subcutaneous adipose and skeletal muscle tissue after repeated topical administration using MIKA Diclofenac Spray Gel (4%), a novel formulation, and after oral dosing using VOLTAREN 50 mg enteric coated tablets. METHODS Diclofenac (48 mg) was administered topically three times daily for 3 days onto a...