Reconstructing sea-level change from the internal architecture of stromatolite reefs: an example from the Mesoproterozoic Sulky Formation, Dismal Lakes Group, arctic Canada
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چکیده
The Mesoproterozoic Dismal Lakes Group, arctic Canada, contains a relatively thin, yet regionally extensive stromatolitic reef complex that developed subtidally during a major transgression, shoaled to sea level, and was overlain by intertidal to supratidal carbonate and evaporite strata. The September Lake reef complex exhibits a complex internal architecture that records the interaction between stromatolite growth and changes in accommodation space derived from both higher order (4thor 5th-order, parasequence-scale) changes in sea level and the variable bathymetry of the sea floor. Reef growth, which was initiated during three sea-level cycles, records progressive marine transgression over depositional lows that were formed during pre-reef subaerial exposure and erosion of the underlying strata. A fourth sealevel cycle, represented by spectacular coniform stromatolites with >10 m of synoptic relief, marks a more dramatic rise in sea level and establishment of the main reef complex. Aggradation and eventual shoaling of the reef complex occurred over an additional six sea-level cycles. Only basinward regions of the September Lake reef complex preserve vertical stacking of reefal packages in response to sea-level fluctuations. In contrast, in the main reef core, sea-level fluctuations resulted in subaerial exposure of the reef top, variable karst development, and the progressive infilling of reef topography by progradational reef elements. Assessment of stromatolite growth patterns reveals the complex nature of the reef architecture and permits the determination of higher order changes in relative sea level that were responsible for reef development. Résumé : Le Groupe de Dismal Lakes (Mésoprotérozoïque), de l’Arctique canadien, contient un complexe récifal de stromatolithes, relativement mince mais d’une grande étendue, qui s’est développé sous le niveau des hautes marées durant une transgression majeure; il a été remonté au niveau de la mer et ensuite il a été recouvert par des strates de carbonate et d’évaporites intertidales à supratidales. Le complexe récifal de September Lake possède une architecture interne complexe qui enregistre l’interaction entre la croissance des stromatolithes et les changements dans les lieux habités, lesquels découlent de changements du niveau de la mer d’ordres supérieurs (4e ou 5e ordre à l’échelle de la paraséquence) et de la bathymétrie variable du plancher océanique. La récif a commencé à croître durant trois cycles de changement du niveau de la mer qui enregistrent une transgression marine progressive par-dessus des creux de déposition crées durant l’exposition sub-aérienne, avant la formation du récif, et l’érosion des strates sous-jacentes. Un quatrième cycle de fluctuation du niveau de la mer, représenté par des stromatolithes remarquables de forme conique ayant plus de 10 mètres de relief synoptique, marque une élévation du niveau de la mer plus spectaculaire et l’établissement du principal complexe récifal. L’aggradation et l’éventuelle remontée du complexe récifal se sont produites au cours de six autres cycles de changement du niveau de la mer. Uniquement les régions du côté du bassin du complexe récifal de September Lake gardent l’empilement vertical des ensembles récifaux en réponse aux fluctuations du niveau de la mer. À titre de comparaison, dans le noyau du récif principal, les fluctuations du niveau de la mer ont causé l’exposition subaérienne du sommet du récif, le développement variable de karsts et le remplissage progressif de la topographie du récif par des éléments récifaux de progradation. L’évaluation des patrons de croissance des stromatolithes révèle la nature complexe de l’architecture du récif et permet de déterminer les changements d’ordre supérieur des niveaux relatifs de la mer qui sont responsables du développement du récif. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Kah et al. 669 Received 30 June 2005. Accepted 2 February 2006. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjes.nrc.ca on 29 June 2006. Paper handled by Associate Editor B. Chatterton. L.C. Kah.1 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A. J.K. Bartley. Department of Geosciences, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA 30118, U.S.A. T.D. Frank. Department of Geosciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A. T.W. Lyons. Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]).
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