Snowmelt sensitivity to radiation in the urban environment
نویسندگان
چکیده
Despite having the same snowmelt processes, snowpacks in urban environments experience a range of conditions different from those of rural areas. Melt is intensified at some sites due to greater radiative energy. Shading, however, can reduce radiation and melt at other sites. Changes to the radiation balance and snowpack processes have been investigated. A physical snowpack model was developed and tested against data from an impervious study plot in Sweden. Estimated surface runoff compared favourably with that measured. An urban radiation scheme captured the observed net allwave radiation well. Series of sensitivity analyses were made by perturbing the scheme to represent three urban locations: open ground and the southern (sunny) and north (shaded) sides of a hypothetical building. Cloudiness, albedo, wall temperature and sky view were altered to reproduce common urban conditions. Even without perturbation, the shaded and sunny sides of the building had different radiation fluxes—the south side experienced a daily average net radiation enhancement of 15 W m-2 and the north a decrease of 35 W m-2. This pattern was reflected in melt. Perturbation exaggerated the disparity. Sensibilité de la fonte des neiges au rayonnement en milieu urbain Résumé Bien que les processus soient identiques, les conditions de la fonte des neiges en milieu urbain sont différentes de celles des zones rurales. Pour certains sites, la fonte est accélérée en raison d'une énergie radiative plus importante, alors que pour d'autres sites elle est ralentie à cause de l'ombre qui cause une diminution de l'exposition au rayonnement. Les modifications du bilan radiatif et des processus du manteau neigeux ont été étudiées. On a élaboré et évalué un modèle physique du manteau neigeux à partir de données obtenues sur une parcelle bitumée en Suède. Le ruissellement de surface simulé se corrèle bien au ruissellement mesuré. Le schéma du rayonnement en milieu urbain simule bien le bilan radiatif, courtes et grandes ondes, mesuré. Des séries d'analyses de sensibilité ont été réalisées en perturbant le schéma initial afin de représenter trois types de sites urbains; sol nu, exposition au sud (ensoleillée) et au nord (ombragée) d'un hypothétique bâtiment. La fraction nuageuse, l'albédo, la température des murs et la fraction de ciel dégagé sur le site ont été modifiés afin de reproduire les conditions urbaines courantes. Même sans l'intégration de ces perturbations, les flux radiatifs des façades ombragées et ensoleillées du bâtiment sont différents (allant de +15 à -35 W m"). La fonte de la neige est donc favorisée au sud et entravée au nord du bâtiment. Les perturbations ne font qu'augmenter cette disparité.
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