Mitochondrial calpain-1 disrupts ATP synthase and induces superoxide generation in type-1 diabetic hearts: a novel mechanism contributing to diabetic cardiomyopathy Running title: Mitochondrial calpain-1 in diabetic cardiomyopathy

1 From Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China 215123. 2 Lawson Health Research Institute, Departments of 3 Medicine, 4 Pathology, 5 Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4G5. 6 Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA 45267-0575. 7 Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China 610041. 8 Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. 9 Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Queen's University Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.