Levorphanol: An Optimal Choice for Opioid Rotation
نویسنده
چکیده
Levorphanol, termed “the forgotten opioid,” is a potent opioid analgesic available for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It was first approved in 1953, and it has a wide range of ascending and descending pain pathway receptor-mediated pharmacological activities, including mu, delta, and kappa (kappa 1 and 3) opioid agonism; N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonism; and reuptake inhibition of both norepinephrine and serotonin.1
منابع مشابه
Levorphanol use: past, present and future.
Levorphanol is a potent opioid analgesic that was first approved for use in the United States in 1953. Levorphanol is approved for use in moderate to severe pain where an opioid analgesic is appropriate. Levorphanol has a wide range of activities including mu opioid agonism, delta agonism, kappa1 and kappa3 receptor agonism, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonism and reuptake inhibition of bo...
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