Schooling and success
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چکیده
Long considered a laggard in guaranteeing an adequate level of social welfare, the United States has nevertheless been a leader in providing its citizens with open access to higher education. The median number of grades completed in this country has risen from 8.6 for those born in the first five years of the century to 12.8 for persons born at mid-century (Robert Mare, Focus, 3:2). And around 1960, the chance of an upper-stratum youth studying in an American university was 5 times greater than that of a lower-stratum youth; in the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Germany, the comparable chances were 8,26, and 58 times, respectively. These striking differences lend force to the argument that the United States has in effect substituted educational opportunity for social welfare programs; by contrast, European countries have more heavily relied upon social insurance to compensate for the effects of inequality. '
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