Space Weather: Its Effect on GNSS, DGNSS, SBAS, and Flight Inspection
نویسندگان
چکیده
Space weather, primarily the ionosphere, produces the largest GNSS errors. This paper reviews the ionosphere’s effect on satellite ranging measurements and discusses how the effect is accounted for in receivers. In addition, the variations in the ionospheric delay will be discussed along with historical ionosphere delay data on normal days as well as some of the solar storm days with the highest variations. Scintillation, a highly random anomaly of the ionosphere, will also be discussed and data presented that demonstrates the effect of this phenomenon. These two ionospheric effects will then be examined in terms of their effect on differential GNSS, a common system used by many flight inspection agencies worldwide. The performance of the FAA’s WAAS during normal and anomalous ionospheric periods will also be presented. Finally, the 11-year ionosphere cycle will be discussed along with the implications on GNSS. Widespread use of GNSS for aviation has largely occurred during a relatively quiet time in solar activity; however, we are now emerging from that quiet period and the time of maximum solar activity is expected to occur around 2013 with likely increased ionospheric effects. Flight inspection activity may be affected; therefore, it will be prudent for flight inspectors to monitor ionospheric activity to ensure the integrity of their data.
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