Socioeconomic status, social support, age, and health.

This study examines the hypothesis that aspects of social relations moderate the relationship between SES and health; that is, this association varies with differences along four major dimensions of social relations: instrumental, emotional, and negative support, and network structure. In 1992, 923 white and black respondents aged 40 and over were interviewed as part of the Survey of Social Relations. 1 The sample was drawn from a stratified probability sample in the Detroit metropolitan area. Social relations variables included the number of people in social network, perceived instrumental support (whether spouse and child would provide care if respondent was ill), emotional support (whether respondent confides in spouse and child), and negative support (whether spouse and child get on the respondent’s nerves). Respondents rated all social support variables on a five-point scale (1, strongly agree; 5, strongly disagree). Education level was used as an SES indicator. Years of education were split into three groups: less than high school, high school, and more than high school. Health was measured by a global self-rated health question (5, poor; 1, excellent). Following Baron and Kenny, 2 we assessed the moderating impact of the social relations variables on the relationship between SES and health by regressing health on (1) the independent SES variable (education level), (2) the social relations variable that is hypothesized to be the moderator, and (3) the interaction of (1) and (2). A significant interaction term implies that the social relations variable is moderating the impact of SES on health. Analyses were conducted separately for each of two age groups: 40–59 and 60–93. Findings indicate that there is no interaction effect of SES and social network size on health. However, interaction effects are evident for instrumental, emotional, and negative support. These are summarized in T ABLE 1. Graphs of the significant interactions suggest complex associations among SES, social relations variables, and health. For example, F IGURE 1 demonstrates that respondents aged 40–59 with more than a high school education and who confide in their spouse are healthier than those who do not. This relationship was reversed among respondents with less than a high school education. However, in the 60–93 age group, health is about the same for all respondents who confide in their spouse. Among those in this age group who do not confide in their spouse, education level has a negative effect on health: people with less than a high school education report poorer health; those with more than a high school education report better health. A consistent pattern that emerged was that respondents in the middle education group (high school) were the least likely in both