Nocturia: "do the math".

PURPOSE We reviewed the definition and etiologies of nocturia, offering the current diagnostic procedures and standards of care. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed recent published literature regarding nocturia, along with current paradigms for diagnosis and management. RESULTS Nocturia is common as a limited occurrence but troublesome if the patient regularly experiences more than 2 episodes during sleep hours. The 4 principle etiologies associated with nocturia (nocturnal polyuria, decreased nocturnal bladder capacity, mixed polyuria, and global polyuria) may be easily differentiated through mathematical analysis of a 24-hour bladder diary. CONCLUSIONS Nocturia is highly treatable in many patients. Identification of the precise type and its cause enable clinicians to minimize the inconvenience and sleep deprivation associated with nocturia.