On the Structure-function Relationship of P73

نویسنده

  • Ulrika Nyman
چکیده

The development of multicellular organisms requires a balance between the cellular processes of proliferation, differentiation and death. These processes are important throughout the whole life of the organism. Daily, the DNA in our cells is under attack by agents that can cause damage. Thus, the cells have developed mechanisms to manage the DNA damage through activation of pathways leading to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and/or cell death. However, sometimes the damage affect the signaling pathways of cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and cell death, which then greatly enhances the risk of malignant transformation. Anticancer treatments aim to induce either cell cycle arrest or cell death, effects mediated by proteins such as p53 and p73. P53 is mutated in many tumors and consequently its role in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis is impaired. P73 is rarely mutated in human tumors. The P73 gene gives rise to many different protein isoforms, including transcriptionally active (TA) p73 isoforms and amino-terminal transactivation domain-deficient ΔN) isoforms. TAp73 isoforms are considered to act as tumor suppressors, whereas the ∆Np73 isoforms acts more like oncogenes, counteracting the functions of p53 and TAp73. Nevertheless, TAp73 isoforms are found to be overexpressed and to contribute to cellular chemoresistance in some tumors. On our way to explore the structure-function properties of p73 isoforms, we found that the full-length TAp73α isoform can prevent drug-induced apoptosis in small cell lung carcinoma cells and that this effect is in part mediated by Hsp72. In contrast, the proapoptotic actions of the shorter TAp73β isoform partially depend on the induction of p57. We characterized the domains within the p73 protein needed for its proor anti-apoptotic effect and also identified a novel transactivation domain in the carboxyterminal region of p73. This transactivation domain was found to be regulated by PKCdependent phosphorylation and active on promoters of cell cycle regulatory genes. In conclusion, these studies provide a better understanding of the structure-function properties of p73 and how different domains selectively affect and regulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Elucidating the structure-function properties of p73 could lead to a better knowledge about how to manipulate the different actions of p73, which in turn could lead to the development of better and more efficient cancer treatments. POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING Utveckling av multicellulära organismer, såsom människor, kräver att det finns en balans mellan cellers delning, utveckling och död. De här processerna är viktiga även senare i livet, bl.a. för att vår arvsmassa (DNA) ständigt utsätts för påverkan som kan ge upphov till skador. Cellerna har utvecklat mekanismer för att skydda sig och dessa leder antingen till att cellen slutar dela sig och reparerar skadan, eller om skadorna är för omfattande, att cellen dör. Men ibland uppstår skador som påverkar mekanismerna som styr celldelning och celldöd, vilket kan leda till ökad risk för att cellen utvecklas till en tumörcell. Vid cancerbehandling är avsikten att förhindra tumörcellerna att dela sig och/eller att eliminera dem. Cancerläkemedel åstadkommer detta genom att aktivera proteiner, t.ex. p53 och p73, som kan stoppa celldelning och främja celldöd. Ett stort problem är att p53 ofta är förändrat i tumörer och kan då inte utföra sin vanliga funktion och främja celldöd. p73 däremot är sällan förändrat i tumörer. p73 förekommer i flera former som har olika funktioner i cellen. Vissa former av p73 har samma funktion som p53, d.v.s. bidrar till att tumörceller dör efter behandling, medan andra former av p73 tvärtemot bidrar till att en tumörcell är resistent mot behandling. Med hjälp av tumörceller och cancerläkemedel har vi studerat hur de olika formerna av p73 påverkar celldelning och celldöd. Vi har visat att en specifik form av p73 kan göra vissa tumörceller resistenta mot cancerbehandling, tvärtemot tidigare uppfattning att denna form av p73 enbart ger upphov till celldöd. Dessutom har vi studerat hur olika delar (domäner) av p73-proteinet kan påverka och bidra till proteinets olika, och ibland motsatta, funktioner. Vi har även karaktäriserat en domän i p73 som särskilt påverkar celldelning. Våra studier bidrar till att förklara hur olika former av p73 påverkar celldöd och celldelning, och hur detta beror av proteinets olika domäner. Därtill visar våra studier att en och samma form av p73 kan ha olika effekter på celldelning och celldöd, beroende på celltyp och omgivning. Vi visar även att p73 spelar en viktig roll i reglerandet av celldelning, då vi identifierat en domän hos p73 som har egenskaper specifika för detta. Studierna leder till en bättre förståelse för de olika p73-formerna, vad de har för specifik funktion, och hur de påverkar cellers överlevnad och död. Detta ger oss bättre kunskap om möjligheterna att påverka och styra dessa processer, vilket kan leda till att vi får fram bättre och mer effektiva behandlingsmetoder mot cancer. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS I. Ulrika Nyman, Agnieszka Sobczak-Pluta, Pinelopi Vlachos, Thomas Perlmann, Boris Zivotovsky, and Bertrand Joseph. Full-length p73α represses drug-induced apoptosis in Small Cell Lung Carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem. 2005; 280(40): 34159-69. II. Ulrika Nyman, Naveen R. Muppani, Boris Zhivotovsky, and Bertrand Joseph. Hsp72 mediates TAp73α anti-apoptotic effects in Small Cell Lung Carcinoma cells. Manuscript under revision for J Cell Mol Med. III. Ulrika Nyman*, Pinelopi Vlachos*, Naveen R. Muppani, and Bertrand Joseph. The p73β transcriptional target gene p57 promotes p73β-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic cell death. Manuscript submitted to Cell Death Differ. IV. Ulrika Nyman, Pinelopi Vlachos, Anna Cascante, Ola Hermanson, Boris Zhivotovsky, and Bertrand Joseph. Protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation regulates the cell cycle inhibitory function of the p73 carboxy terminus transactivation domain. Mol Cell Biol. 2009; 29(7): 1814-25. * Authors contributed equally to this work ADDITIONAL PUBLICATIONS, NOT INCLUDED IN THE THESIS I. Agnieszka Sobczak-Pluta, Ulrika Nyman, Bertrand Joseph, Tadeusz Robak, Boris Zhivotovsky, and Piotr Smolewski. The role of p73 in hematological malignancies. Leukemia 2006; 20(5): 757-66. II. Pinelopi Vlachos, Ulrika Nyman, Nabil Hajji, and Bertrand Joseph. The cell cycle inhibitor p57(Kip2) promotes cell death via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Cell Death Differ. 2007; 14(8): 1497-507. III. Emma Lindahl, Ulrika Nyman, Ermias Melles, Kristmundur Sigmundsson, Marie Ståhlberg, John Wahren, Björn Öbrink, Jawed Shafqat, Bertrand Joseph, and Hans Jörnvall. Cellular internalization of proinsulin C-peptide. Cell Mol Life Sci.. 2007; 64(4): 479-86. IV. A. Emre Sayan, Berna S. Sayan, Vladimir Gogvadze, David Dinsdale, Ulrika Nyman, Tania M. Hansen, Boris Zhivotovsky, Gerald M. Cohen, Richard A. Knight, and Gerry Melino. P73 and caspase-cleaved p73 fragments localize to mitochondria and augment TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Oncogene. 2008; 27(31): 4363-72. V. Nabil Hajji, Karolina Wallenborg, Pinelopi Vlachos, Ulrika Nyman, Ola Hermanson, and Bertrand Joseph. Combinatorial action of the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A and etoposide induces caspase-mediated AIF-dependent apoptotic cell death in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Oncogene. 2008; 27(22): 3134-44. VI. Anna-Karin Roos, Fredrik Eriksson, James Timmons, Josefine Gerhardt, Ulrika Nyman, Lindvi Gudmundsdotter, Andreas Bråve, Britta Wahren, and Pavel Pisa. Skin Electrovaccination: Effects on Transgene Expression, DNA Persistence and Local Tissue Environment. PLoS ONE. In Press. VII. Emma Lindahl, Ulrika Nyman, Farasat Zaman, Carina Palmberg, Anna Cascante, Jawed Shafqat, Masaharu Takigawa, Lars Sävendahl, Hans Jörnvall, and Bertrand Joseph. Nucleolar targeting of proinsulin C-peptide regulates ribosomal RNA expression. Manucript under revision for J Biol Chem.

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تاریخ انتشار 2009