Editorial: HLA-G-Mediated Immune Tolerance: Past and New Outlooks

This research topic gathered several researchers who actively base their research and investigations on the non-classical HLA-G molecule. HLA-G differs from classical HLA class I molecules since it has limited protein variability, can be expressed in several membrane-bound and soluble isoforms generated by alternative splicing generating, and modulates immune response. HLA-G expression is physiologically restricted to the maternal–fetal interface and to immune privileged adult tissues. De novo expression of HLA-G is deleterious when present in tumor cells and in chronically infected cells, whereas it is advantageous in autoimmune diseases and after transplantation. In the present collection of manuscripts, different aspects of the HLA-G biology have been discussed including the genetic variability, the relationship between HLA-G and other non-classical HLA class I molecules, and the role of HLA-G in promoting tolerance in T-cell-mediated diseases and in pregnancy. In the contest of HLA-G genetics, it is intriguing that the overall HLA-G gene structure was preserved during the evolution, and the HLA-G variability has been established before human dispersion from Africa. Castelli et al. illustrated that most of the variation sites found in the HLA-G coding region are either synonymous or intronic mutations and that the HLA-G promoter region presents numerous polymorphic sites. Regarding the role of HLA-G in maintaining tolerance, Rizzo et al. and Dias et al. delivered a solid snap shot on the physiological expression of HLA-G and its role in inducing tolerance in autoim-munity. The Authors also discussed that the de novo expression of HLA-G, specifically in tumors and after chronic infections, has important implication in promoting immune escape. Special attention received the association between HLA-G polymorphisms, specifically those present at 3′UTR of the gene, protein expression, and functions in healthy and pathological conditions. HLA-G belongs to the HLA class Ib molecules family that contains HLA-E and HLA-F. Morandi and Pistoia summarized, for the first time, the relationship between HLA-G and HLA-E in different settings. They concluded that, in physiological conditions, HLA-E expression is strongly associated with HLA-G and both molecules cooperate in promoting anergy in immune effector cells, specifically in NK cells. Conversely, HLA-G/HLA-E interaction in pathological conditions, i.e., in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, may exert divergent or potentially opposite effects. The central role mediated by the non-classical HLA class I molecules, HLA-G, HLA-E, and HLA-F, in promoting tolerance during pregnancy and preeclampsia has been extensively discussed. Djurisic and Hviid indicated that in preeclampsia, HLA-F function is still unknown …