Pulmonary-Hepatic vascular Disorders (PHD).
نویسندگان
چکیده
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 Hepatopulmonary syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 Staging of severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 Natural history and outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 Pathophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864 Pathogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864 Clinical diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864 Symptoms and physical examination. . . . . . . . 864 Lung function tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 Haemodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 Biochemistry and noninvasive exhaled biomarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865 Lung imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 Contrast-enhanced echocardiography . . . . . 866 Transoesophageal echocardiography . . . . . . 866 Perfusion lung scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 Pulmonary angiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 Thoracic computed tomographic scanning . . 866 Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 Pharmacological treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 Nonpharmacological treatment . . . . . . . . . . . 867 Long-term oxygen therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt 867 Cavoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 Embolisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 Orthotopic liver transplantation . . . . . . . . . 868 Task Force recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 Research prospects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 Portopulmonary hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 Staging of severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 Natural history and outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 Pathophysiology and pathogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 Vasoproliferation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 Neurohormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 Clinical diagnosis and screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870 Symptoms and physical examination. . . . . . . . 870 Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography . . . . 870 Haemodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870 Acute vasodilator testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870 Pulmonary haemodynamic subsets . . . . . . . 870 Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Pharmacological treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Nonspecific therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Diuretics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Cardiac glycosides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Vasodilator therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Calcium channel blockers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Nitrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 Continuous i.v. epoprostenol infusion . . . . . 871 Other prostacyclin analogues (treprostinil, iloprost and beraprost) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Endothelin receptor antagonists (bosentan) . 872 Nonpharmacological treatment . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Long-term oxygen therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Orthotopic liver transplantation . . . . . . . . . 872 Task Force recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 Research prospects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
منابع مشابه
Highlights of the ERS Task Force on pulmonary-hepatic vascular disorders (PHD).
A Task Force on Pulmonary-Hepatic Vascular Diseases (PHD), approved and funded by the European Respiratory Society (ERS), was developed by a panel of chest physicians, hepatologists and gastroenterologists during the period 2002–03 and published in 2004 [1]. The major goals of this ERS Task Force on PHD are: (1) to increase awareness of both hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) and portopulmonary hyp...
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OBJECTIVE In Japan, there have been no reports on the time-trends of mortality rates from pulmonary heart disease without pulmonary embolism (PHD). Our aim was to examine the annual changes of mortality in Japan. MATERIALS AND METHODS Annual age-adjusted and age-specific PHD mortality for Japanese residents during 1979-2006 were calculated from "Vital statistics of Japan" and census data and ...
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ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- The European respiratory journal
دوره 24 5 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2004