Napoleon Bonaparte, French Scientists, Chemical Equilibrium, and Mass Action
نویسنده
چکیده
This paper involves two intertwined themes. One is the relation of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) with leading French scientists of his time. The second is the beginning of two concepts important in chemistry: (a) reaction reversibility and chemical equilibrium, and (b) the role of relative masses of reactants and products in determining the position of equilibrium. These ideas are now taken as axiomatic, but they were introduced into chemistry only 200 years ago by the French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet (1748-1822), a friend and confidant of Napoleon.
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