Stress-gradient Coupling in Glacier Flow: Ii. Longitudinal Averaging in the Flow Response to Small Perturbations in Ice Thickness and Surface Slope*

نویسنده

  • BARCLAY KAMB
چکیده

As a result of the coupling effects of longitudinal stress gradients, the perturbations flu in glacier-flow velocity that result from longitudinally varying perturbations in ice thickness M and surface slope t:.a. are determined by a weighted longitudinal average of ~hM and ~~a., where ~h and ~a. are "influence coefficients" that control the size of the contributions made by local M and t:.a. to the flow increment in the longitudinal average. The values of ~h and ~a. depend on effects of longitudinal stress and velocity gradients in the unperturbed datum state. If the datum state is an inclined slab in simple-shear flow, the longitudinal averaging solution for the flow perturbation is essentially that obtained previously (Kamb and Echelrneyer, 1985) with equivalent values for the longitudinal coupling length l and with ~h = n + I and ~a. + n, where 11 is the flow-law exponent. Calculation of the influence coefficients from flow data for Blue Glacier, Washington, indicates that in practice ~a. differs little from 11, whereas ~h can differ considerably from 11 + I. The weighting function in the longitudinal averaging integral, which is the Green's function for the longitudinal coupling equation for flow perturbations, can be approximated by an asymmetric exponential, whose asymmetry depends on two "asymmetry parameters" ll and o, where ll is the longitudinal gradient of I (= dl / dx). The asymmetric exponential has different coupling lengths l+ and l_ for the influences from up-stream and from down-stream on a given point of observation. If O/ ll is in the range 1.5-2.2, as expected for flow perturbations in glaciers or ice sheets in which the ice flux is not a strongly varying function of the longitudinal coordinate x, then, when dl / dx > 0, the down-stream coupling length l+ is longer than the up-stream coupling length •~ and vice versa when dl f dx < 0. Flow-, thicknessand slope-perturbation data for Blue Glacier, obtained by comparing the glacier in 1957-58 and 1977-78, require longitudinal averaging for reasonable interpretation. Analyzed on the basis of the longitudinal coupling theory, with 41 + 1.6 km up-stream, decreasing toward the terminus, the data indicate 11 to be about 2.5, if interpreted on the basis of a respo11se factor 1/J + 0.85 derived theoretically by Echelmeyer (unpublished) for the flow response to thickness perturbations in a channel of finite width. The data contain an apparent indication that the flow response to slope perturbations is distinctly smaller, in relation to the response to thickness perturbations, than is expected on a theoretical basis (i.e. ~a.l¢h + 11/ (n + I) for a slab). This probably indicates that the effective 1 is longer than can be tested directly with the available data set owing to its limited range in x. •contribution No. 4099, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, U.S.A. tPresent address: Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775, U.S.A. REsUME. Coup/age du gradient de contrainte dans /'ecoulemem des glaciers: fl. Allenuation longitudinale de Ia reponse de l'ecou/ement aux faibles perturbations d'epaisseur de glace et de pente de Ia surface. Comme resultat des effets de couplage des gradients de contrainte, les perturbations flu de vitesses d'ecoulement du glacier qui n!sultent des perturbations variables longitudinalement dans l'epaisseur de glace M et dans Ia pente de surface t:.cx, sont determinees par une ponderation longitudinale de Ia moyenne de ~hM et ¢~ex, ou ~h et ~a. soot des "coefficients d'influence" qui contrOlent !'importance des contributions produites par les variations locales M et t:.cx, a une augmentation d'ecoulement dans une moyenne longitudinale. Les valeurs de ~h et ¢a. dependent des effets des gradients de contraintes longitudinales et de vitesses par rapport a un etat repere non perturbe. Si l'etat de reference est une couche inclinee en ecoulement de cisaillement simple, Ia solution de moyenne longitudinale pour Ia perturbation d'ecoulement est essentiellement ceUe obtenue anterieurement (Kamb et Echelmeyer, 1986) avec des valeurs equivalentes pour Ia longueur 1 de couplage longitudinal et avec ~h = n + I et ~a. = n, ou n est l'exposant de Ia loi de fluage. Des calculs des coefficients d'influence a partir des donnees du Blue Glacier, Washington, indiquent qu'en pratique ¢a. ne differe que peu de n bien que ~h puisse s'ecarter considerablement de n + I. La fonction de ponderation dans l'integrale de moyenne longitudinale, qui est une fonction de Green pour equation de couplage longitudinal de perturbation d'ecoulement, peut-~tre approchee par une exponentielle asymetrique, dont l'asymetrie depend de deux "parametres d'asymetrie ll et o, ou ll est le gradient longitudinal de 1 (= dJ / dx). L'exponentielle asymetrique possede deux longueurs differentes de couplage 1+ e~ 1 pour !'influence d'amont et d'aval sur un pomt donne d'observation. Si of ll varie de I ,5 a 2,2, comme prevu pour des perturbations d'ecoulement dans des glaciers ou des nappes de glaces pour lesquels le flux de glace n'est pas une fonction etroitement lie a Ia coordonnee longitudinale x, alors, quand d1f dx > 0, Ia longeur de couplage aval 1 + est superieure a celle amont 1_, et vice versa quand dl / dx < 0. Les donnees des perturbations d'ecoulement, d'epaisseur et de pente, obtenues par comparaison des etats de 1957-58 a celui de 1977-78 necessitent un moyenage longitudinal pour une interpretation raisonnable. Analyses dans l'optique de Ia theorie de couplage longitudinal, avec 41 I ,6 km a l'amont et decroissant vers le front, les donnees conduisent a un n voisin de 2,5, dans le cas ou !'interpretation est conduite sur Ia base d'un facteur de reponse ojl = 0,85 obtenu theoriquement par Echelmeyer (non publie) pour Ia reponse de l'ecoulement aux perturbations dans un chenal de largeur non-infinie. Les donnees contiennent une indication apparente qui conduit a reponse d'ecoulement aux perturbations de pente nettement moindre par rapport a celle due aux perturbations d'epaisseur, que celle qui est attendue selon Ia theorie (c'est-a-dire: ~a.l~h = 11/ (n + 1) pour en plaque). Ceci indique probablement que Ia longueur effective 1 est plus grande que celle qui peut ~tre testee

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تاریخ انتشار 2014