Environmental-friendly durable concrete made with recycled materials for sustainable concrete construction

Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. However, the production of portland cement, an essential constituent of concrete, leads to the release of significant amount of CO2, a greenhouse gas; one ton of portland cement clinker production is said to creates approximately one ton of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Environmental issues are playing an important role in the sustainable development of the cement and concrete industry. For example, if we run out of limestone, as it is predicted to happen in some places, then we cannot produce portland cement; and, therefore, we cannot produce concrete and all the employment associated with the concrete industry goes out-of-business. Limestone powder is sometimes interground with clinker to produce cement, reducing the needs for clinker making and calcinations. This reduces energy use in the kiln and CO2 emissions from calcinations. A sustainable concrete structure is one that is constructed so that the total environmental impact during its entire life cycle, including during its use, is minimum. Concrete is a sustainable material because it has a very low inherent energy requirement, is produced to order as needed with very little waste, is made from some of the most plentiful resources on earth, has very high thermal mass, can be made with recycled materials, and is completely recyclable. Sustainable design and construction of structures have a small impact on the environment. Use of “green” materials embodies low energy costs. Their use must have high durability and low maintenance leading to sustainable construction materials. High performance cements and concrete can reduce the amount of cementitious materials and total volume of concrete required. Concrete must keep evolving to satisfy the increasing demands of all its users. Reuse of post-consumer wastes and industrial byproducts in concrete is necessary to produce even “greener” concrete. Use of coal ash, rice-husk ash, wood ash, natural pozzolans, GGBFS, silica fume, and other similar pozzolanic materials can reduce the use of manufactured portland cement clinker; and, at the same time, produce concrete that is more durable. “Greener” concrete also improves air quality, minimizes solid wastes, and leads to sustainable cement and