Simultaneous Consensus vs Set Agreement: A Message-Passing-Sensitive Hierarchy of Agreement Problems
نویسندگان
چکیده
This paper investigates the relation linking the s-simultaneous consensus problem and the k-set agreement problem. To this end, it first defines the (s, k)-SSA problem which captures jointly both problems: each process proposes a value, executes s simultaneous instances of the k-set agreement problem, and has to decide a value so that no more than sk different values are decided. The paper introduces then a new failure detector class denoted Zs,k, which is made up of two components, one focused on the “shared memory object” that allows the processes to cooperate, and the other focused on the liveness of (s, k)-SSA algorithms. A novelty of this failure detector lies in the fact that the definition of its two components are intimately related. Then, the paper presents a Zs,k-based algorithm that solves the (s, k)-SSA problem, and shows that the “shared memory”-oriented part of Zs,k is necessary to solve the (s, k)-SSA problem (this generalizes and refines a previous result that showed that the failure detector Σk is necessary to solve k-set agreement). Finally, the paper investigates the structure of the family of (s, k)-SSA problems and introduces generalized (asymmetric) simultaneous set agreement problems in which the parameter k can differ in each underlying k-set agreement instance. Among other points, it shows that, for s, k > 1, (a) the (sk, 1)-SSA problem is strictly stronger that the (s, k)-SSA problem which is itself strictly stronger than the (1, ks)-SSA problem, and (b) there are pairs (s1, k1) and (s2, k2) such that s1k1 = s2k2 and (s1, k1)-SSA and (s2, k2)-SSA are incomparable. Key-words: Asynchronous system, Distributed computing, Failure detector, Fault tolerance, Message-passing system, Quorum, Reduction, k-Set agreement, Simultaneous consensus, Wait-freedom Consensus simultanés vs accord ensembliste : une hiérarchie de problèmes Résumé : Ce rapport etudie les liens entre les problèmes du consensus s-simultané et de l’accord k-ensembliste. Il commence par définir le problème (s, k)-SSA qui généralise les deux problèmes précédents. Le rapport introduit ensuite un nouveau détecteur de fautes, noté Zs,k, formé de deux composantes, l’une chargé de rendre possible l’implémentation d’une forme d’“objet mémoire partagée” permettant aux processus de coopérer, tandis que la seconde fournit la vivacité nécessaire à un algorithme de (s, k)-SSA. Une particularité de ce détecteur de fautes réside dans le fait que les définitions de ces deux composantes sont intimement liées. Le rapport présente un algorithme basé sur Zs,k qui résoud le problème (s, k)-SSA et prouve que la partie orientée “mémoire partagée” de Zs,k est nécessaire pour le résoudre Enfin, le rapport étudie la structure de la famille des problèmes (s, k)-SSA et montre entre autres que pour s, k > 1, (a) le problème (sk, 1)-SSA est strictement plus difficile que le problème (s, k)-SSA, lui-même strictement plus difficile que le problème (1, ks)-SSA et (b) il existe des paires (s1, k1) et (s2, k2) avec s1k1 = s2k2 telles que les problèmes (s1, k1)-SSA et (s2, k2)-SSA sont incomparables. Mots clés : système asynchrone, calcul réparti, détecteur de fautes, tolérance aux pannes, système à passage de messages, quorum, réduction, accord k-ensembliste, consensus simultanés, sans attente * Institut Universitaire de France ** ASAP : équipe commune avec l’Université de Rennes 1 et Inria c ©IRISA – Campus de Beaulieu – 35042 Rennes Cedex – France – +33 2 99 84 71 00 – www.irisa.fr ha l-0 07 87 99 2, v er si on 2 22 F eb 2 01 3
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