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by the increased level of benefits available for additional children. Prior to the August 1996 welfare reform, 19 states had received federal waivers to put family caps in place. However, the newly passed block-grant cash assistance program, Temporary Aid to Needy Families, specifies that states no longer need a federal waiver to enact a family-cap provision. Determining the level of repeat fertility among low-income women is critical to any assessment of the validity of family-cap legislation. The argument linking childbearing to increased subsequent benefits ignores the fact that the overwhelming majority of pregnancies among lowincome women are unintended and result from the absence of effective contraception.5 Although providing these women with effective contraceptives could help prevent unwanted fertility, continued funding for family planning services for low-income women remains uncertain as budget-cutting pressure grows. One new method that holds promise for reducing unwanted childbearing is the contraceptive implant, which was approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration in December 1990 and has a failure rate of 0.09% in the first year of use.6 Colorado’s Medicaid program approved the implant as a program method in November 1991, after which implant insertions and removals were paid for by Medicaid. This research note looks at reSue Austin Ricketts is a demographer with the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colo. The author acknowledges with gratitude the database provided for this analysis by the Medicaid program in the Colorado Department of Health Care Policy and Financing. Repeat Fertility and Contraceptive Implant Use Among Medicaid Recipients in Colorado