Stress and saltwater-entry behavior of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): conflicts in physiological motivation

نویسندگان

  • Carol Seals Price
  • Carl B. Schreck
چکیده

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a mild or severe stressor on the saltwater preference of juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). To observe the response of fish to an overhead threat, we presented stressed fish with an avian predator model in the second experiment. Experiments were conducted in 757-L tanks containing a stable vertical salinity gradient. Only 69% of fish stressed by being chased for 2 min before saltwater introduction (mild stressor) held in salt water, whereas 95% of unchased control fish preferred the saltwater layer. After the more severe handling and confinement stressor, only 20% of fish entered and remained in salt water compared with 100% of unstressed controls. After the presentation of the avian model, stressed fish holding in fresh water moved into the saltwater layer, but this behavioral response was transient. Fish began returning to fresh water within 10 min, and after 1 h, only 26% of stressed fish remained in the saltwater layer. Stress significantly decreases the saltwater preference of chinook salmon that would otherwise select full-strength salt water and may affect behavior in the estuary. Although smoltification primes these fish for seawater residence, stress apparently induced a conflicting physiological motivation. Résumé : Deux expériences ont servi à déterminer les effets de facteurs de stress, légers ou intenses, sur les préférences de salinité de l’eau chez de jeunes saumons quinnat (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) du printemps. Dans la seconde expérience, des poissons stressés ont été mis en présence de modèles d’oiseaux prédateurs pour observer leur réaction à une menace venant d’en haut. Les expériences se sont déroulées dans des bassins de 757 L présentant un gradient vertical stable de salinité. Seulement 69 % des poissons stressés par une poursuite de 2 min avant leur introduction en eau salée (facteur de stress léger) restent en eau salée, alors que 95 % des poissons témoins non pourchassés préfèrent la couche d’eau salée. Après un stress plus important dû à la manipulation et au confinement, seulement 20 % des poissons pénètrent dans l’eau salée et y demeurent, alors que 100 % des poissons témoins non stressés restent en eau salée. Après la présentation du modèle aviaire, les poissons stressés qui se tiennent en eau douce se déplacent vers l’eau salée, mais cette réaction comportementale est transitoire. Les poissons commencent à retourner en eau douce en moins de 10 min et, au bout de 1 h, seulement 26 % des poissons stressés sont encore dans la couche d’eau salée. Le stress diminue de façon significative la préférence pour l’eau salée chez des saumons quinnat qui choisiraient, dans d’autres circonstances, de l’eau salée de pleine concentration et il peut ainsi affecter leur comportement dans l’estuaire. Alors que la transformation en saumoneaux prédispose ces poissons à la vie en eau salée, le stress semble induire une motivation physiologique contradictoire. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Price and Schreck 918

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تاریخ انتشار 2003