Measuring the burden of taxation: An index number approach

نویسنده

  • Bernd Genser
چکیده

Quantitative indicators of the tax burden used in political discussions, quite often do not prove very reliable for two reasons; either they are rather crude summary measures or they are rather selectivly chosen benchmark tax load figures. A natural way to improve the situation is to introduce an index number concept. The paper deals with index numbers for commodity taxes first. Fix weight commodity tax indices are defined and calculated numerically for Austria in close relation to official statistical price index analogues. To overcome the bias of Laspeyres indices economic tax burden indices are defined, which may be extended to include the deadweight loss of distorting consumer taxes as a burden element. Direct taxes may be included in both statistical and economic household outlay indices, which also are closely related to the well known price indices. Nevertheless many convenient properties do not hold any more due to endogenous labour supply, distortions caused by the income tax code, and progressive tax schedules. Although the economic approach tends to relate the tax index number concept to applied general equilibrium models, the empirical relevance of tax burden indices is demonstrated by calculating and interpreting monthly time series for Austria. Zusammenfassung Quantitative Indikatoren der Steuerbelastung, die in der tagespolitischen Diskussion herangezogen werden, erweisen sich haufig aus zwei Grunden als wenig verlafilich; entweder sind sie aus groben und haufig periodenverzerrten Aggregatgrofien gewonnen oder sie sind recht willkiirlich bis bewuflt iiberzeichnend gewahlte Belastungsdaten fur spezielle Steuerpflichtige. Ein natiirlicher Ausweg aus dieser unbefriedigenden Situation ist die Heranziehung eines Steuerindexkonzepts. In der Arbeit werden zunachst Gutersteuerindizes mit einem intertemporal fixen Gewichtungsschema definiert und numerische Ergebnisse fur Osterreich angefiihrt, die grofitenteils auf dem Datenmaterial der offiziellen Verbraucherpreisstatistik bas.ieren. Urn die systematische Verzerrung von LaspeyresIndizes zu vermeiden, werden okonomische Steuerlastindizes definiert, die derart erweitert werden konnen, dai?> sie auch den von verzerrenden Gutersteuern verursachten zusatzlichen Wohlfahrtsverlust als Belastungskomponente zu erfassen vermogen. Auch direkte Steuern konnen in statistischen oder okonomischen Haushaltsausgabenindizes berucksichtigt werden, die gleichfalls mit den bekannten Preisindizes eng zusammenhangen. Allerdings gelten fur die verallgemeinerten Ausgabenfunktionen und die mit ihrer Hilfe gebildeten Indizes eine Reihe uberaus angenehmer Eigenschaften nicht mehr, wofiir die mod~ellendogene Arbeitsangebotsentscheidung, allokative Verzerrungen aufgrund der geltenden Einkommensbesteuerung und die Progressivitat des Einkommensteuertarifs verantwortlich sind. Wahrend der okonomische Ansatz das aufgeworfene Steuerlastindexkonzept eher als Erganzung zu angewandten allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodellen ansieht, betont zum anderen die konkrete Berechnung und Interpretation von Monatsreihen einiger Steuerlastindizes fur Qsterreich doch deutlich die empirische Relevanz der vorgestellten Konzepte. MEASURING THE BURDEN OF TAXATION: AN INDEX NUMBER APPROACH*

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تاریخ انتشار 2012