Wake-mediated synchronization and drafting in coupled flags

A recent experiment has shown “inverted drafting” in flags: the drag force on one flag is increased by excitation from the wake of another. Here we use vortex sheet simulations to show that inverted drafting occurs when the flag wakes add coherently to form strong vortices. By contrast, normal drafting occurs for higher-frequency oscillations, when the vortex wake becomes more complex and mixed on the scale of the flag. The types of drafting and dynamics (synchronization and erratic flapping) depend on the separation distance between the flags. For both tandem and side-by-side flags in synchronized flapping, the phase difference depends nearly monotonically on separation distance.